AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 
121 
Ulmus—continued. 
very rough above, softly downy beneath, and slightly rough 
downwards, sweet-scented in drying. Branchlets downy; buds 
before expansion, softly downy with rusty hairs. North America. 
A small or medium-sized tree, with tough, reddish wood, and 
a very mucilaginous inner bark. (B. M. Pl 233; T. S. M. 
p. 334.) 
U. glabra (smooth) Wych Elm. fl. nearly sessile, five-cleft. 
fr., samaras obovate, naked, deeply cloven, smaller than those 
of most other kinds. /. elliptic-oblong, doubly serrated, smooth, 
very unequal at base, not elongated at the extremity. h. 60ft. 
to 80ft. Europe (Britain). See Fig. 140. (Sy. En. B. 1286, under 
name of U. suberosa glabra.) Hooker regards this as merely a 
form of U. campestris. ; 
U. g, glandulosa (glandular). l. very glandular beneath. 
U. g. latifolia (broad-leaved). J. oblong, acute, very broad. 
g. jor (greater). Canterbury Seedling. Of more vigorous 
growth than the type. 
U. g. microphylla (small-leaved). /. small. 
U. g. pendula (pendulous), Downton Elm. A ‘' weeping” 
variety. 
U. g. variegata (variegated). /. variegated. 
U. g. vegeta (vigorous). Chichester or Huntingdon Elm. The 
most vigorous kind of Elm pro ted in British nurseries, 
often making shoots from 6ft. to 10ft. in length in one season. 
The tree attains a height of 30ft. in ten years from the graft. 
U. major (greater). A form of U. montana. 
U. montana (mountain-loving).* Scotch or Wych Elm. fl. shortly 
pedicellate, five to seven-parted. fr., samaras oblong or nearly 
round, glabrous, slightly cloven. i, din. to 6in. long, often 
Zin. in diameter, doubly and trebly serrated, cuspidate, unequally 
rounded or cordate at base, rough above, pubescent or nearly 
glabrous beneath. Branches long, RCM h. 80ft. to 120ft. 
Europe (Britain) Siberia. (Sy. En. B. 1287.) 
following varieties are distinct and handsome trees, and are 
well worth cultivating, either for use or for ornament : 
U, m. cebennensis (Cevennes) A variety of spreading habit, 
but of much less vigorous growth than the normal form. 
U, m. crispa (curled). J. crisped, thickly plicate-rugose, irregu- 
larly incised-pinnatifid. Habit slender and stunted. SYN. 
U. urticeefolia, 
U, m. fastigiata (pyramidal). Exeter or Ford's Elm. J. pecu- 
liarly twisted, very harsh, feather-nerved, enfolding one side of 
the shoots, retaining their deep green until they fall off. A 
very remarkable, pyramidal form. 
U. m. or (greater). IL falling almost a month sooner than 
those of U. m. minor. This tree is of upright and rapid growth, 
with few branches; in some stages, it approaches the habit of the 
type, but is of a more tapering form. 
U. m. minor (lesser). Compared with U. m. major, this is of a 
more branching and spreading habit, of lower growth, with more 
twiggy shoots, which are more densely clothed with leaves. 
U. m. nigra (black) Black Irish Elm. A spreading tree, with 
the habit of the normal form, but with more spreading leaves. 
U. m. dula (pendulous). “A beautiful and highly charac- 
teristic tree, generally growing to one side, spreading its branches 
in a fan-like manner, and stretching them out sometimes hori- 
zontally, and at other times almost perpendicularly downwards, 
so that the head of the tree exhibits great variety of shape.” 
(Loudon.) 
U. m. rugosa (wrinkled). Bark reddish-brown, cracking into 
short, regular pieces, very like that of Acer campestre. 
U. parvifolia (small-leaved). Z. shortly pedicellate; perianth 
four or five-cleft. fr. small, antea. £ 1, narrow-lanceolate, 
Ka at base, slightly acute or scarcely acuminate at Sr 
simply serrated; adults coriaceous, highly glabrous, or the middle 
nerve and under side sparsely pube Branches twiggy, 
often arcuate-deflexed. China and Ja A medium-sized or 
diminutive shrub, according to the soilin which it grows. 
U. pedunculata (pedunculate) f., perianth oblique; stamens 
six to nine, often eight, shortly exserted ; pedicels slender, elon- 
ted, jointed ` inflorescence pendulous. jr. glabrous, except the 
ensely-ciliated margin. /. ovate or obovate, acuminate, deeply 
and doubly serrated, slenderly membranous, softly pubescent 
beneath. h. 50ft. to 60ft. Europe, 1800. Syn. U. effusa. 
U. Roseelsii (Roseels). A synonym of U. campestris aurea. 
U. suberosa (slightly erose) Cork-barked Elm. Z. stalked, 
four or five-cleft. fr., samaras almost orbicular, deeply cloven, 
brous. l. pointed, rough, doubly and sharply serrated. 
ranches gg 7 their bark corky, h. O60ft. to 100ft. 
Europe (Britain). According to Hooke is is merely a form 
of U, campestris. (Sy. En. B. 
U. s. erecta (erect). This tree has a fall, narrow head, resembling 
that of the Cornish Elm (U. campestris cornubiensis); but it 
differs Ben that variety in having much broader leaves and a 
corky Ba : 
U. s. rer (finer prend (variegated-leaved). This is only dis- 
tinguished from the type by its variegated leaves. 7 
U. urticæfolia (Nettle-leaved). A synonym of U. montana crispa. 
vaw ` gris 
ous. 
Most of the. 
ULNA. The average length of a man’s arm—about 2ft. 
ULOSTOMA. A synonym of Gentiana, (which see), 
ULUXIA. A synonym of Columellia (which see). 
UMBEL. An inflorescence in which the flowers 
expand centripetally, and their stalks radiate from a 
FIG. 141. SIMPLE UMBEL OF ASTRANTIA HELLEBORIFOLIA. 
common centre. A simple Umbel is shown in Fig. 141. 
UMBELLATE. Disposed in or resembling umbels. 
UMBELLET, UMBELLULA. A secondary or 
partial umbel; an umbel formed at the end of one of the 
rays of a general umbel. 
UMBELLIFERZ. A large natural order of herba- 
ceous or rarely woody plants, principally inhabiting the 
Northern hemisphere. Flowers hermaphrodite or often 
polygamo-moneecions, rarely dicecious, umbellate or rarely 
capitate or whorled ; calyx five-lobed, or we et 1 
petals five, valvate or sub-imbricate in bud, inserted out- 
side an epigynous disk, free, caducous, the points generally 
inflexed, sometimes two-cleft or two-parted, the outer often 
largest; stamens five, alternate with, and inserted like, 
the petals; filaments inflexed in bud; anthers two-celled, 
introrse; umbels simple, or often duplicate-compound, 
terminal, solitary or many in a panicle. Fruit dry, two- 
celled, dividing into two mericarps, the surface marked 
with ten more or less prominent ridges. Leaves usually 
alternate, entire or variously toothed, cut, lobed, or pin- 
nate; petioles usually dilated at base. Stem usually 
furrowed or channelled, knotty, fistular or full of pith. 
Among the useful Umbellifers, the following (indigenous to 
Britain) may be noted: Carrot (Daucus Carota), Chervil 
(Anthriscus Cerefolium), Parsley (Carum Petroselinum), 
and Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum). The order embraces 
upwards of 150 genera and about 1300 species, few of 
which are remarkable for horticultural beauty. Illus- 
trative genera are: Apium, Daucus, Myrrhis, Narthez, 
Peucedanum, Kium, Smyrnium. 
UMBELLIFEROUS. Umbel-bearing. 
ULARIA (a diminutive from umbella, a 
sunshade, an umbel; in allusion to the form of inflores- 
cence). Syns. Drimophyllum, Oreodaphne. ORD. Lau- 
rmeæ. A monotypic genus. The species is a half-hardy, 
tall, evergreen tree or (on mountains) shrub, emitting a 
strong odour of camphor. For culture, see 
U. californica (Californian). Californian Sassafras. fl. nish- 
sele, shortly pedicellate, in solitary, cano-pubescent or gla- 
brous umbels ; perianth tube very short, the limb of six ents; 
involucres pedunculate, solitary in th ga omnid 
at the tips of the branches, very caducous. 
highly odorous, lanceolate-oblong, slightly narrowed a 
ends, 2in. to 44in. long, ` aggerem cua and singularly reticulated. 
Branchlets twiggy. sle ^ ly glabrous. A. sometimes as 
much as 100ft. California, 1862. SYNS. Ocotea californica, Oreo- 
daphne californica (B. M. 5320). 
UMBERE MOTHS. Under this name are included ` 
two species of Geometer Moths, belonging to the genus 
(which see), viz., H. defoliaria, or the Mottled - 
