AN ENCYCLOPZEDIA 
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OF HORTICULTURE. 171 
Vine—continued. 
and the appropriate treatment for each, is due to the 
researches of French and German biologists. The causes 
of disease are various, including excess or defect of 
warmth, moisture, exposure to light, and food, defective 
ventilation of vineries, attacks of Fungi and of insects 
and. other animals. Two diseases to which Vines are 
liable have been already treated of under Shrivelling 
and Sun-burning. The former is due to insufficient 
supply of water, either because of its deficiency in the 
soil, or because of the roots failing to transmit a proper 
amount to the leaves and fruit. The latter may be due 
to the roots being too few for the necessities of the 
plant, or to coldness of the soil after the air of the 
vinery has induced active growth in the young shoots 
and leaves, The plants may also suffer, in ill-ventilated 
vineries, from “sun-burning ” of the leaves, small portions 
becoming brown and dry, in the manner described under 
" Sun-burning. ` : 
Bleeding. A term applied to an overflow or outpouring 
of watery sap, although there is no real analogy between 
this flow of water and the efflux of blood in animals. 
The Vine is furnished with an enormous supply of this 
watery sap, Which flows very freely, and with great 
force, shortly after growth commences, until the plant 
gets into full leaf. The cause of bleeding is late pruning 
or otherwise cutting the Vine at this period. This loss 
of sap is sometimes excessive, and is then injurious to 
the Vine. There is no ready means of arresting the flow 
when once it has commenced. To avoid its occurrence, 
Vines should be pruned early. 
Shanking. One of the most perplexing maladies 
that affect the Vine. The term is used to denote the 
drying-up or Withering of the stalks of the bunches 
or berries; the berries that thus shank, or lose the 
vitality of their stalks, become intensely sour, and never 
ripen. Sometimes, it is only a few berries; in other 
cases, it is the whole bunch, or maybe the entire crop. 
Many and varied opinions as to the causes of shanking 
have been advanced. In a broad sense, it is, no doubt, the 
result of some overstrain, some bad condition of, or injury - 
to, the feeding or respiratory organs of the plant—either 
the foliage has been in some way injured or prevented 
from performing its proper functions, or the roots have got 
into bad condition, and cannot perform theirs; or it may 
be due to à combination of both these causes. As to the 
more immediate causes, we note the following: Over- 
ing; the destruction of the foliage by Red Spider or 
other agency; the stripping-off of a great quantity of 
leaves at one time, as is frequently done by those who 
neglect timely stopping; chills, or sudden changes of the 
temperature of the house; the roots getting into a cold 
subsoil, or the border becoming wet and soddened, &c. ; 
planting in borders composed of too rich materials; ex- 
cessive dryness at the roots, such as to cause injury to 
these organs, &¢.—all of which should be avoided. 
Adventitious or Air Roots. These are so called from 
their being produeed on the stem of the Vine, and 
suspended in the air like so many threads. They are of - 
the same character as the proper roots, only requiring 
to be brought into contact with the soil to become such. 
Air roots are Sometimes produced in great profusion 
from every part of the stem, frequently attaining 1ft. or 
more in length, and so give the Vine a strange appearance. 
There is no particular harm in these adventitious roots, 
per se, but their presence betokens a want of proper action 
on the ‘of the true roots running naturally in the 
soil. They are a sign of bad health, and are frequently 
the precursors of shanking; they give evidenee that the 
“proper roots are not in a condition to supply the great 
demands of a large expanse of foliage, &c., and that, aided 
by a warm, moist atmosphere within the house, Nature is 
trying to supply want, Close warmth and moisture 
will induce the formation of such roots from Vine-stems 
Vine—continued. 
at any time; but if the true roots in the border are in 
a perfectly congenial condition, no air or adventitious roots 
will be produced in any ordinarily well-managed vinery. 
They are, in short, mainly the result of the roots being 
in a cold, wet border. To prevent their formation, or to 
recover Vines subject to this evil, the amelioration of the 
_ borders must be effected, by taking up the Vines, examining 
the condition of the drainage, renewing it if found 
necessary, and adding fresh soil. Some varieties of Vines, 
such as those of the Frontignan class, being of a ten- 
derer constitution, are more subject to the formation of 
air roots than others, When such roots are produced, 
they need not be cut off, except for appearance’ sake, for 
they will wither and die as the wood ripens. 
FUNGI as causes of disease are treated of under Vine 
ANIMAL PESTS. The animals, Ze, destructive to Vines 
are numerous, and the number recorded as hurtful. is 
being added to almost every year in Europe and else- 
where; especially is this the case in America, on which 
continent animal pests are even more abundant and 
varied than in Europe. By far the most dangerous 
insect-foe is the Phylloxera vastatriv, of which a full 
| account is given (with a statement of the appropriate 
remedies to be employed against it) under Grape or 
Vine Louse. This insect has destroyed the contents 
of many vineries in Britain, and has devastated extensive 
vineyards in many parts of the Continent. It has been 
peculiarly destructive in France. Its galls on the leaves 
are usually very numerous and very conspicuous; but 
the less prominent root-galls are even more fatal to 
the Vines. In mid-Europe, a Gall-midge (Cecidomyia 
enophila) produces. galls on the leaves not unlike those 
of Phyllozera ; but an examination of a gall will disclose 
the Midge larva in the central cavity. This Midge has 
not been recorded as British. The stems and branches 
are liable to be infested by certain species of Seale 
Insects (which see) on the American and European 
continents, but none have yet been recorded from Britain. 
Several kinds of Beetles, besides Weevils (see Vine 
Weevils), do considerable injury to the leaves and the 
young twigs, the more noteworthy being Anomala Frischit 
and A, Vitis. They resemble Cockchafers a good deal 
in form, but are only about }in. long, and are usually 
satiny or metallic green or blue, with a clay-yellow 
band round the sides of the thorax. Both they and the 
Weevils are found more or less frequently in England, 
and may prove injurious in vineries. When hurtful, 
their numbers may be reduced by the methods detailed 
under the headings quoted. Many species of Lepidoptera 
feed on Vines; they are discussed, and remedies are 
given, under Vine Moths. Aphis (Hyalopterus) Pruni 
is recorded in Buckton’s “ British Aphides” as “living on 
Vines, as well as on other plants. For appropriate 
treatment, see Aphides. To 
. Among Mites, the worst foe to Vines is the Red Spider 
(see Tetranychus telarius) which sometimes seriously 
injures the plants at the pe 
when the supply of water is limited, to improve 
the flavour. When the attack is severe, the leaves 
may be so seriously injured that the fruit cannot be 
properly matured. The Mites may be destroyed by the 
methods detailed under Tetranychus telarius. It is 
i t, as a preventive of attacks, to allow the roots 
a good supply of water, and to keep the atmosphere of the 
house sufficiently moist while the grapes are forming, 
the amount of water being reduced only after they are = 
beginning to colour. Another Mite that does harm on - 
the Continent of Europe is Phytoptus Vitis (see Mites) 
which causes a dense growth of pale hairs to appear 
on the lower surface of the leaves, either in isolated 
patehes, or almost covering the whole surface. This 
growth was formerly regarded as a Fungus, and was , 
š ` 
iod of setting of the fruit, 
