i 
OF ` 
‘White Nice. Fruit pale greenish-white, medium-sized, round ; 
flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet, but not rich; bunches very 
. large, somewhat loose and straggling. A late, vinous Grape. 
White Tokay. Fruit : 
` with a sweet, pleasant flavonr when well ripened ; bunches large, 
.. broadly shouldered, well set. A late, vinous Grape. 
Varieties of American Grapes (Vitis Labrusca). 
These form quite a distinct class from the European 
. Grapes. The American Vine is of a remarkably free and 
vigorous growth. The berries are small; flesh greenish, 
having a mucilaginons texture, and a strong musky perfume, 
` with a peculiar “ foxy,” sweetish flavour; bunches small, 
produced in great abundance. The leaves are large, 
thick and leathery, very downy or pubescent on the under 
surface, and but slightly lobed. The varieties existing 
in America are extremely numerous, and are better 
adapted to that country than the European Grapes. The 
Strawberry Grape has been for many years cultivated 
in this country and in Germany, and by some persons is 
greatly esteemed. Those here described have been fruited 
at Chiswick. 
Fruit black, small; flesh tender, of a peculiarly sweet 
flavour ; bunches small. 
Fruit white, medium ; flesh brisk, sweet, and pleasant ; 
bunches long, loose, : : 
Fruit deep yellow, small, round, having a strong 
musky flavour ; bunches small. 
Golden P 
ocklington. 
and sweet ; bunches medium-sized, compact. 
& brisk, sweet, pleasant flavour ; bunches small. 
. Fruit deep yellow, small, round; flesh melting, musky, 
ae P bunches small, thinly set. s : 
Moore's Early. Fruit 
— round ; flesh melting, Mon ; bunches small, compact. 
Fruit h-red, small, roundish-ovate ; flesh 
or mu ; bunches — compact, closely 
The ripe fruit > sama eO ripe strawberries 
VINE. Any trailing or climbing stem. n 
VINE, CONDOR. A name given to Marsdenia 
Cundurango (which see). : 
VINE FUNGI. Many species of Fungi have been 
. reeorded as living on Vines in Europe and in North 
. America, and there exists almost a special literature upon 
these parasites, They vary greatly in their destructive 
pwers; and some species have ravaged the vineyards 
= . of both Continents. Inquiry into the best methods of 
. . contending with the parasites, and of saving the Vines 
. ' from complete destruction, has thus been powerfully 
ut stimulated. In vineries in the British Islands, these 
pests have not caused so great harm as where the Vines are 
eultivated on a large scale; yet, even in Britain, the harm 
dome is sufficient to render some notice of them desirable 
in this work. Of the hundred or more species that have 
been reeorded as growing on Vines, only those that give 
rise to serious disease are mentioned below. 
Vine Mildew is the name given when the leaves and 
stems become covered with a whitish or greyish coat- 
ing, either in patches, or over large portions of the plants. 
Such an appearance is caused by more than one Fungus. 
The best-known are Oidiwm Tuckeri (which has long been 
known in Europe, and which was at one time most 
injurious in the vineyards of France, and also in those 
of Madeira), and Peronospora viticola, the latter a Fungus 
brought in recent years from America to France, on 
imported Vines. 
Oidium Tuckeri was first described by the well-known 
botanist, Rev. M. J. Berkeley, from specimens sent to 
.. I$ was detected in France in 1848. By 1851 it had spread 
to all the vineyards in Europe; and in the next year 
E was observed in Madeira. The Fungus shows itself 
a thin, pale layer or coat on the leaves and on the young 
HE DICTIONARY 
greenish-white, large, ovate; flesh firm, | 
Fruit clear yellow, round, small, juicy | 
Jefferson, Fruit grizzly-red, large, roundish; flesh melting, of ` 
lish-black, with a fine bloom, small, ` 
him, in 1847, by Mr. Tucker, a gardener in Ramsgate. 
. dead leaves, stems, prunings, Ze, i 
Vine Fungi—continued. 
twigs, and even occurs on the fruits. The diseased parts | 
often become pale, and more or less distorted; the coat 
becomes thicker; then the spots become brown, and 
the parts die. An examination with the microscope ` 
shows that the surface of the part is covered with the ` 
filaments of the Fungus creeping over the epiderm cells 
of the diseased spots, and that from the side of each 
filament of the Fungus little suckers are pushed into the 
epiderm-cells, and absorb food P them for the Fungus. 
From the other side of the filaments erect branches arise, 
each formed of a row of cells, of which those at the 
ends of the branches (conidia) are oval, and break away, 
to produce the Fungus again when they fall on suitable 
situations on the Vine leaves or branches. No other 
mode of reproduetion has yet been detected in this Fungus, 
though it undoubtedly belongs to a more fully-developed 
form, such as is described under Mildew and Oidium. 
Mr. Berkeley has suggested that it may belong to the 
very common Erisyphe communis. Plants suffering from 
its attacks have a mouldy, disagreeable smell. Another 
Oidium (O. Balsamii), with more slender conidia, some- 
times occurs on Vines. The Fungus spreads rapidly ina 
moist, warm atmosphere, and is greatly checked in dry | 
air, and also by very heavy rain, which washes away the 
spores. — - 
All dead leaves and stems should be removed ` 
and burned, to destroy the conidia. Flowers of sulphur | 
form a complete and thorough cure, as they destroy ` 
the parasite without injuring the Vines. The sulphur 
should be dusted on the Vines in. early spring, 
after the stems have begun to push forth, then again 
when the blossoms have opened, and lastly, when the 
grapes are beginning to ripen. To prevent any taste 
of sulphur being perceptible in the ripe fruits, the third 
dusting must not be too late The green organs to which 
sulphur is to be applied should be moistened, to make the 
powder adhere. S 
Peronospora viticola had been known, from 1834, as a 
parasite on almost all the Vines of North America ; but 
it was imported into Europe only in 1878, on plants 
brought to replace the European Vines destroyed by 
Phylloxera. It has now spread widely through France 
and Algeria. The diseased leaves, about August, show 
patches of irregular form, and whitish in colour, which 
soon become brown and dry. The tissues of the leaf 
are traversed by mycelium, furnished with small haustoria, 
or suckers, for taking food from the cells; and the white 
spots bear myriads of erect, fruiting branches of the 
Fungus (see Peronospora), each repeatedly divided into 
three, less often into two, branches. The terminal 
branches are short, and on the tip of each is an egg- 
shaped spore. In the spore there grow five or six 
smaller spores (zoospores), which escape by the bursting 
of the cell-wall of the spore, and can swim about in dew- 
drops and moisture of any kind; and at last the zoospores 
settle down on the leaves, push a slender tube through 
the epiderm, and give rise to a new plant. The diseased 
plants produce defective erops of fruit. The grapes also 
may be attacked. 'The resting, or sexual, spores of the 
Fungus have been found in Vitis estivalis; they have 
a thick, smooth, yellow coat. ` 
Vines grow more healthily in well-watered than in dry 
soil, and are therefore better able to resist the attacks 
of the parasite; but a close, moist atmosphere is hurt: 
ful, as it encourages the growth of Moulds. The 
fruiting threads may be destroyed by dusting the plants 
with a mixture of sulphur and quicklime; but the 
internal mycelium renders a thorough cure very difficult. 
Probably the best preventive of the disease is burning . 
Several other species of Fungi have been recorded as 
very destructive in the vineyards of France, Germany, | 
and Italy; but they have not been observed to be hurtful ` 
