AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. mm 
Vine Fungi—continued. 
in England, and therefore require but brief notice here. 
The roots have been found destroyed by four different 
Fungi, viz., the Rhizomorpha stage of Agaricus melleus ` 
FIG. 193. Mass OF AGARICUS MELLEUS ON ROOT OF YOUNG PINE 
—a, a, a, Mycelium in form known as Rhizomorpha fragilis ; 
b, Very young Spore-bearers produced on Rhizomorpha fragilis ; 
d, Older Spore-bearers (Agaricus melleus) produced by Myce- 
lium of form known as Rhizomorpha subcorticalis, 
(Figs. 193 and 194) (see Pinus, Funai), Dermatophora 
necatriz, Roesleria hypogea, and an imperfect myce- 
lium enveloping the lateral roots, and called by Persoon 
D: o E Mycelium 
garicus n orm it assumes when wing 
between the Bark and the Wood—a, Form intermediate be- 
tween CER and subeorticalis expanding into the latter on 
; b, Portion where growth is slower ; c, Lobed 
"dl iden that has reached cut surface of Stump ; e, Wood 
mp of Fir-tres: zët 
FIG. UE RHIZOMORPHA FRAGILIS var. SUBCORTICALIS. 
of 
Fibrillaria bett These Fungi differ in details of 
their attacks on the Vine roots; but they all kill the 
roots, usually beginning with the younger ones; the leaves 
turn yellow and fall off; and the Vines perish, though 
some continue to exist in a sickly state for one or two 
years, if left untouched. Against these root-parasites, 
the only effectual remedy is to remove and burn the 
diseased plants, taking the utmost care to remove all 
fragments of wood, &c., from the soil, to prevent the 
. disease from reaching healthy subjects. No cure is known 
for plants already attacked by any of these Fungi. 
Another disease very fatal in European vineyards assumes 
the form of dark spots on the young shoots and leaves, 
on the flower-stalks, and on immature fruits. At first 
the spots are round, brownish pustules; but they soon 
extend, and often become confluent. The centre becomes 
 .ashy-grey or pinkish-grey, owing to the outpouring of 
i minute, oval conidia through the torn epidermis; but 
the rest of the spot becomes nearly black. It is surrounded 
by a narrow, brown border, All the surface tissues = the 
Vo TW vi 
able against these parasites, as well as against M pl qa Un 
are about pin. in diameter, conical on the upper surface, 
' remedy is ses 
Vine Fangi—continued. 
spot are hardened, and are full of the mycelium of the 
Fungus; and the conidia or spores are produced on the 
surface of the mycelium, but below the epidermis, throngh ` 
a tear in which they escape when mature. This Fungus +- 
is known as Gleosporiwm ampelophagum. Those parts ' 
of the Vines on which it grows are killed or seriously 
stunted, and even the plants themselves may be 
killed in bad attacks. When it grows on the flower- 
stalks, the entire clusters of fruit are destroyed. 
When it occurs on the grapes, they seldom come to ripe- 
ness. The disease has attracted much attention; and 
it is said that an effectual cure for it has been found 
in the employment of a solution of sulphate of iron (10 to 
15 per cent.) in water, applied in winter, with a pretty 
large brush, to all parts of the branches. This solution 
destroys all spores of Fungi, but does not seem to injure 
the bark of the Vines. As a preventive measure, all 
prunings and dead leaves should be carefully removed 
from the surface of the soil, lest they might spread 
infection among the healthy plants in the following 
spring. 
In Saccardo’s great work, the “ Sylloge Paiko many 
other Fungi are noted as parasitic on Vines, some of 
which (Fusarium Zavianum, Pionnotes Biasolettiana, &e.) 
are occasionally more or less hurtful. Probably one or- 
other of the remedies indicated above would prove suit- 
that may in future be met with in vineries in Great | 
Britain. 
VINE GALLS. Of these, by far the most to be 
dreaded are the Galls produced on stems and leaves by 
Phylloxera vastatriz (see Grape or Vine Louse). The | 
only other Galls on Vines in Europe worth mention are pale, 
hairy growths (Hrinewm Vitis) caused by Mites (Phytoptus), 
in patches on the lower surface of the leaves, and two 
produced by Gall-midges. Of these, one is a swelling 
of the twigs, and is the work of an undetermined species ` 
of Midge (Cecidomyia); it occurs in the South of France, 
and in the South of Russia. The other produces swell- 
ings, not unlike those of Phylloxera, on the leaves. They 
and more rounded below. Several grow in each leaf. This 
Gall has been found in Austria. 
The North American Vine Galls are far more varied 
in size and form than the European, and several of them 
attain considerable size. All that will be referred to here 
are the work of Gall-midges (Cecidomyia). The “ Filbert 
Gall” is developed from a bud, and forms a mass Lin. 
to 2iin. in diameter, made up of from ten to forty woolly, ` 
greenish, juicy Galls, each tenanted by one orange-yellow ` 
larva. The * Tomato Gall" consists of an irregular mass ` ` 
of juicy, yellowish-green or red swellings, each occupied 
by four or five larval chambers, with one orange-yellow ` 
larva of Lasioptera Vitis in each. The whole mass mag. 
reach from lin. to 4in. across. 
The “ Apple Gall" is attached to the stem, and is like ` 
a hazel-nut in form. It is nearly lin. in diameter. 
There are eight or nine furrows down the surface, which 
correspond to chambers in the interior, in an upper and 
a lower series. Each is occupied by & bright yellow | 
larva of a Cecidomyia. The gall is juicy, and the surface | 
is covered with short, downy hairs. The “ Trumpet Gall" ` 
rises from the upper (rarely the lower) surface of the leaf. - 
Asarule, many stand on each leaf, two or three often being 
united at the base. These Galls are about Jin. long by - 
zoin. broad in the widest part; they "A oe towards 
the base, and the other end is sharp. Their colour varies 
from bright red to green. 
Remedy. None of the above Galls. ian yet been re- 
corded from England. Should any of them be introduced 
with European or American Vines, they d be removed 
from the plante we WE EN we = : mo further 
A. 
