. 
"This species 
Pa 
184 . 
~ "THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
VIOLET, CAPE. A name frequently applied to 
Ionidium capense (which see). 
VIOLET, CORN. ' Se Specularia Noida. 
VIOLET, DAMES. See Hesperis matronalis. 
VIOLET, DOG. See Viola canina. 
VIOLET, DOG'S-TOOTH. Se Erythronium 
dens-canis. 
VIOLET, FALSE. A common name for Dalibarda 
: repens (now included under Rubus as R. Dalibarda). 
VIOLET, FOREIGN. 5» Schweiggera. 
VIOLET, FRINGED. See Thysanotus. 
VIOLET FUNGI. Violets are liable to the attacks 
of several species of Fungi, which grow on the stems 
and leaves, and on the sepals and petals of the flowers. 
Urocystis Viole causes the stems and leaves of Viola 
odorata, and of other Violets, to become greatly thickened 
and distorted. After a time, the epiderm on the swellings 
is torn here and there, and displays the dark masses of 
spores. Each spore consists of a large central cell 
(which, on germinating, forms a slender mycelium tube), 
and an outer layer or coat of smaller cells. 
Puccinia Violw is of very frequent occurrence on the 
. leaves and petioles of many Violets, including the common 
wild species and most of the enltivated ones. It appears, 
in early summer, in the form of Cluster Cups (Æcidium 
Violw), and is then easily recognisable by the small, yellow 
cups thickly dotted over reddish-orange, swollen patches. 
Each cup has a nearly white margin of little teeth, 
formed by the torn edges of the burst outer coat (peri- 
dium), which incloses a multitude of minute, orange- 
yellow spores. Afterwards, the cups are replaced by 
t ularly scattered, 
or in circles, composed of rounded or oval, prickly, 
brown, one-celled, stalked spores, and of the true Puccinia 
spores, each on a rather long stalk, brown, and made up 
of two cells end to end. 
Puccinia that grows on Violets is P. agra. 
greatly weakens or kills V. cornuta, and 
has also been found on V. lutea. Its Aicidium has 
been named Æ. depauperans, from its weakening (or 
depauperating) effect on the host-plants. It may be dis- 
tinguished from Æ. Viole by the cups being scattered, 
and not grouped on thickened spots. The two also differ 
_ in microscopic peculiarities of their spores. 
Puecinia Fergussoni grows on the leaf-stalks and leaves 
of V. palustris, producing thickenings of the tissues, over- 
grown by the brown, two-celled spores. This Fungus 
is not known to have more than this single form of 
spore. 
Not nnfrequently, the leaves of Violets show dis- 
coloured spots, which, on examination with the micro- 
scope, are found to be due to the presence of species of 
Ramularia (R. agrestis and R. lactea), or of Cercospora 
(C. Viole), &e. These are minute Moulds, and bear 
elongated, multicellular, transparent or brown spores, on 
the tips of slender stalks. Or snch spots may be dotted 
over with the small, dark perithecia of Lestadia Viole, 
one of the Sphæriaceæ, which has eight oval, unicellular 
spores in each ascus. 
Of all the Fungi that occur on Violets, the: most de- 
structive are Puccinia agra, P. Viole, and Urocystis Viole ; 
though the others also may cause considerable disfigure- 
ment. These all grow within the tissues of the plants, 
the only parts pushed to the surface being the organs 
of reproduction. It is therefore of little use to attempt 
_ previously healthy specimens. 
to cure diseased plants, the interior of which must be | 
fall of the Fungi; and it is advisable to remove and 
burn the plants, to prevent the spread of disease to 
VIOLET, MERCURY’S. 
panula Medium. 
VIOLET, SPURLESS. See Erpetion hederacea. 
VIOLET, TONGUE. A 
An ild name for Cam- 
common name for 
" Schweiggeria (which see). 
VIOLET, WATER. Se Hottonia palustris. 
VIORNA. See Clematis Viorna. 
VIPER GOURD. See Trichosanthes anguina. 
VIPER’S BUGLOSS. See Echium. 
VIPER’S GRASS. See Scorzoaera hispanica. 
VIRAYA. A synonym of Waitzia (which see). 
VIREYA. Included under Rhododendron. 
VIRGATE. Twiggy; producing many weak branches; 
wand-shaped; slender, straight, and erect. 
VIRGILIA (named in honour of the poet Virgil). 
Orv. Leguminose. A monotypic genus. The species is a 
greenhouse tree, requiring culture similar to that recom- 
mended for Viminaria. i 
V. capensis (Cape). J. rosy-purple, jin. long; calyx silky, 
widely campanulate, shortly two-lipped ; ke 8 dees 
strongly reflexed ; racemes lateral, longer than the leaves, many- 
flowered. July. Z. six to ten-jugate, exstipulate; leaflets linear- 
oblong, mucronate, nearly lin. long, with slightly revolute 
margins, the young ones silky on both sides, the old ones glabrous 
and glossy above. South Africa, 1767. (B. M. 1590.) SYN. 
Podalyria capensis (A. B. R. 347). sg 
V. lutea (yellow). A synonym of Cladrastis tinetoria. 
VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. See Mertensia vir- 
ginica. : ; 
VIRGINIAN CREEPER. See Ampelopsis quin- 
quefolia. 
VIRGINIAN DATE PALM. Se Diospyros 
VIRGINIAN SILK. A common name for Peri- 
ploca greca (which see). 
VIRGINIAN STOCK. See Malcolmia maritima. 
VIEGIN'S BOWER. See Clematis. 
VIRGULARIA A synonym of Gerardia (which 
see), 
VIRIDESCENT. Greenish; turning green. 
VIROLA. Included under Myristica. — 
VISCARIA. Included under Lychnis (which see). 
VISCID, VISCOUS. Clammy; sticky from a tena- 
eious coating or secretion. 
VISCUM (the old Latin name used by Virgil and 
Pliny, akin to the Greek Ivos). Mistletoe. ` ORD. Loran- 
thacem. A genus comprising nearly thirty species of 
stove, greenhouse, or hardy shrubs, parasitie on trees, 
inhabiting the temperate and warmer regions of the globe. 
Flowers diæcious or monæcious, at the axils or nodes, 
orat the tips of the branches, three to five in a fascicle 
or rarely solitary, the fascicles sessile or rarely on short 
peduncles ; perianth tube in the male flowers very short 
and solid, in the females adnate with the ovary, the limb 
three or four. ; bracts often small Berry one- 
seeded, naked crowned with the perianth. Leaves 
sometimes flat and rather thick, sometimes reduced to 
minute teeth or scales. V. album, the common Mistletoe, 
has been associated with many superstitions from the 
most ancient times, and has been highly extolled for its 
medicinal virtues. It is, however, now excluded from the 
ias. “The origin of the modern custom con- 
nected with Mistletoe is not very clear. Like many other 
D ` D n k: vf y 
. customs, its original significance is only guessed at. If 
innocent merriment mow associated 
known, perhaps the 
E 
