210 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Willesden Paper and Canvas—continued. 
roofs, and for screens to put over frames or plants. So 
— far as roofs are concerned, the makers give full direc- 
tions, and therefore this part of the subject need not be 
considered here. The most useful appliances in any 
garden, for providing temporary shelter, are a number 
of frames about 6ft. long and the width of the paper. 
The woodwork should be about Iljin. in thickness, and 
should be braced across to keep the whole structure rigid. 
Over these frames the Paper should be nailed, preferably 
on both sides; thoroughly waterproof coverings, which 
will keep off a fair amount of frost, are thus made for 
protecting tender subjects in frames or beds, while for 
outdoor Mushroom-beds they are most convenient. Being 
flat and comparatively thin, à large number can be stowed 
. &way in a little space, when not required for active use. 
For wall trees of doubtful hardiness, the prepared Canvas, 
if put on frames, makes a good protective medium when 
the shelters are made as above, and, having more tensile 
strength than the Paper, will not be torn with any ordinary 
usage. : 
Besides being made into flat screens, wooden frames 
of different patterns, such as spans, and similar forms, 
can be constracted in light wooden framing, and covered 
with Willesden Paper, affording very decent protection 
against frost and snow to plants of doubtful hardiness 
in the borders. Larger frames can also be made for 
the protection of shrubs, &c. In all cases the Paper 
can be adapted to almost any form required, and a little 
ingenuity on the part of the user will lead to the con- 
struction of many most useful contrivances. 
The lighter samples can also be used for packing plants ; 
being waterproof, they prevent undue evaporation. For 
lining baskets containing cut flowers or plants, the Paper 
. should be found very useful, as it can be made to fit the 
Shape of the basket or hamper, and will last for a long 
time. Many things, such as hard-wooded cuttings, rose- 
buds, and similar stock, can be rolled in the Paper, the 
ends being folded over, and they will travel as well as 
in lead foil or rubber tissue, and at less cost. Water- ` 
proof labels, for writing on which no special i i 
d 5; : ) Special ink is 
required, are also made of Willesden Paper; these are 
durable, and, being made in various sizes, are useful for 
s y PM t ae there is practically no end to 
purposes to whi is Paper can b ied i 
corte render per can be applied in and 
WILLOW. See Salix. 
WILLOW, AMERICAN WATER. A 
name for Dianthera americana (which see). RON 
WILLOW, : 
kéier IA OR PERSIAN. See Epi- 
WILLOW GRASS. See Polygonum amphibium. 
WILLOW HERB. Se Epilobium. 
WILLOW HO 
Deen RNET CLEARWING MOTH. 
WILLOW, KILMARN WEEP 
Salix Caprea pendula. neg —— G 
SAWFLIES. Few, if 
more liable than Willows to be injured e Ëm By 
far the larger number of the species that feed on Willows 
and Sallows belong to the genus Nematus, but a few slo. 
to two or three other genera. It would be usele: fin 
attempt to describe, or even to enumerate, the man: kinds 
that have been found on the different species of 8 li: : 
suffice it to say that Cameron, in his “ Monograph of British 
Phytophagous Hymenoptera," enumerates as British thir 
three species of Nematus, and twenty species under rn d 
genera, found on Salix ; and that yet others have bee d 
corded from the Contine "pass 
nt of Europe as found on Willows, f 
Willow Sawflies—continued. 
We cannot, therefore, do more than indicate briefly the 
chief modes in which these insects may prove hurtful. 
The larvæ of many species feed, exposed to view, on the 
edges or the lower surface of the leaves, often keeping the 
hinder part of their bodies coiled in a spiral. Others live 
between folded or rolled leaves; and a few live in mines in 
the leaf-blades. Many species are Gall-makers; and of 
these the habits and the galls vary greatly. Several 
species, chiefly of Ewwra, produce swellings of the branches, 
mostly in those of the cinerea section of Salix. Each 
swelling is occupied by one larva. Others, mostly species 
of Nematus, produce galls of two or three forms on the 
leaves. One common kind of gall resembles peas in form 
. and size, and is usually adherent to the lower surface; 
though on some Willows (e.g., S. purpurea) the galls are 
more often fixed to the upper surface. The Pea Galls vary 
in surface-appendages according to the species of Willow, 
being smooth on some, downy on others. They are formed 
by Nematus pedunculi, and by several other species of this 
genus of Sawflies. Another very common form of gall on 
Willow leaves—often distinguished as “ Bean Galls,” from 
their shape—sometimes resembles small haricot beans in 
pairs, side by side, in the tissue of the leaf, projecting 
about equally from both of its surfaces. They are usually 
about tin. long by in. broad. They are green or 
red on the upper surface, pale green below, and may be 
smooth or downy, according to the kind of Willow on which 
they are formed. One of the commonest Gall-makers of 
this group is Nematus gallicola, which makes the galls so 
often seen on the leaves of Salix alba, S. Caprea, 8. 
fragilis, and other Willows; other species form somewhat 
similar galls on several of the smaller Willows, e.g., Salix 
Lapponum, S. nigricans, S. phylicifolia, &c.; but it is im- 
possible, in the brief space at disposal, to enter into æ 
fuller discussion of these galls and their makers. 
Remedies are scarcely called for unless the larve of 
Willow Sawflies are very plentiful. If so numerous as to 
endanger the health of the plants, those larve that feed 
exposed on the leaves may be dislodged by jarring or 
shaking the branches. They may be shaken into 9 
vessel, and destroyed by having boiling water poured over 
them; or a ring of tar and cart-grease painted round the 
base of each tree will prevent them from crawling up agan. 
The only reliable remedy against larve in rolled or mined 
leaves, or in galls, is hand-picking; but the damage 15 
seldom so great as to call for so tedious and costly 2 
remedy. As by far the greater number of the species 
burrow into the soil to become pupæ, any means to prevent 
their doing so tends to lessen the numbers of the insects. 
Rolling the ground below the trees, so as to render it 
compact, and applications of gas-lime, soot, or other 
substances poisonous or disagreeable to the insects, 
prove useful in this way. 
WILLUGBÆYA. A synonym of Mikania (which 
see). 
WILLUGHBEIA (named after Francis Willughby, 
1635-1672, an English naturalist, pupil of Ray) SYM 
Ancylocladus. ORD. Apocynacem. A genus comprising 
eight or ten Malayan and East Asiatic species of stove, 
sarmentose or tall-climbing shrubs, all supposed to Lag 
caoutchouc. Flowers in axillary cymes; calyx short, five- 
lobed ; corolla salver-shaped, the tube nearly glabrous 
within, the mouth naked or with fleshy glands alternating 
with the lobes; stamens included in the tube. Berry 
large, globose or ovoid, many-seeded. Leaves opposite, 
on short petioles. For culture of W. edulis, the only 
species introduced, see Allamanda. 
W. edulis (edible). i ; cymes on shorts 
stout eae Jd. Sé e rm size of à 
lemon. Z. in. to Tin. long, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtusely 
+ acuminate or caudate, acute at base, thinly coriaceous ; petio 
| Hin. to jin. long. India, 1818. imber. 
An immense 
