218 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Woodwardia—continued. 
chis into sinuated or pinnatitid pinnules, sometimes Ain. long, 
e of the under y shorter, and none at the base of the 
pinne; veins copiously anastomosing outside the sori; upper 
surface often producing copious, gemmiferous buds. Japan to 
Formosa. Closely allied to W. radicans. 
. radicans (rooting).* sti. strong, erect, naked, scaly at base. 
ants Sft. to 6ft. long. lft. to 14ft. broad ; pinnze lanceolate, the 
lower ones often 1ft. long, cut down below within a short distance 
of the rachis into finely-toothed, lanceolate pinnules lin. to 1}in. 
long, those of the under side the shortest; veins anastomosing 
once outside the line of fruit; gemm:e few and large, placed at 
the base of the upper pinne. Canaries, South Europe, &c., 1779 
, Y, cristata (crested).* A handsome variety, with regularly and 
symmetrically crested pinn;e. 1878. 
S 
` 
o 
Fig, 229. PINNA OF FERTILE FROND OF WOODWARDIA 
VIRGINICA, 
W. virginica (Virginian). sti. stron erect 
» > LH 
fronds oblo ‘lanceolate, Aft. + to At long, bin. Phe ai ioe ; 
i e, din. in. long, iin. to lin. b t 
— a one line or less of the rachis into [ei aqa 
QW are two to three lines broad at the base, the lines of 
wes W argin the midrib of the pinn:e often reaching lo 
down in the lower ones. Canada, southward, 1774. See Fie 209. 
WOOD, WAXEN. A | 
tineteris (ohik s .—  —.— ^4 € MAUMA 
WOODY NIGHTSHADE. See Solanum Dulca- 
and dug into the soil There they decay slow (ol 
decompose into substances useful to së SLA - 
products. Owing to their 
t à perceived three 
years. Their action as manure is Ner de à i 
them for some months in Sulphurie Acid or Oil of Vitriol, 
but their fertilising influence ceases. more : 
quickly after 
showy, disposed in terminal, often few-flowered 
Woollen Kags—continued. Se 
this treatment. Woollen refuse and rags are made great 
use of in Kent as manure for Hops, after having been 
made up for some time in a compost. 
WOOLLY APHIS (Schizoneura lanigera). An insect 
more often called the American Blight (which see). 
A few particulars may be added to the account already 
given of this very dangerous pest to Apple-trees. The 
wingless females are oval and flattened, with deep con- 
strictions between the body-rings. In general appearance 
they much resemble blackish-brown Aphides; but the 
antenne and limbs are very short, the tail is very small, 
and the two honey-tubes are extremely small. These 
wingless females live on the bark, sucking its juices, and 
produce multitudes of living larve, like themselves ona 
smaller scale. In autumn, winged viviparous females 
also are found, differing from the wingless females in little 
but the possession of wings. The winged females produce 
small, ill-developed insects, of which each gives birth to 
one egg for the continuance of the species during winter. 
The larvæ seem to suffer very little from the action of low ` 
temperatures, as they are protected under the cottony | 
excretions with which they cover themselves. It is said 
that in winter they fix themselves on the roots of 
Apple-trees, and suck the sap from them, returning to the 
branches in spring. The pups are like the winged 
females, except in having the wings represented only by 
little scales. The males are small, and, like the winged 
females, are unable to suck, as the beak is undeveloped. 
The popular name (American Blight) points to the 
belief that this insect has been imported from America into 
Europe. The earliest European record of its occurrence 
dates from 1787. In England, it was first observed in a 
nursery, near London, in which were Apple-trees recently 
imported from North America. It soon spread, with 
disastrous results, into the orchards of Devonshire. In 
Germany it was first observed in 1801, in France and 
Belgium in 1812. It is now plentiful in many parts of 
Europe. It feeds on the wild Crab Apple of North 
America; but several leading American entomologists 
believe that it has been carried from Europe to America, 
and not in the reverse direction, as generally supposed. 
Remedies. A number of the more highly recommended 
remedies are mentioned under American Blight. The 
most important point to attend to is the thorough cleans- 
ing of the branches, by the aid of a thick brush and any 
good insecticide, e.g., soft soap in water, alone or mixed 
with crude carbolic acid of such a strength that the acid 
does not separate as oily drops when the soap is mixed 
with water. Usually, about one part of acid to ten of 
soap is sufficient, thoroughly mixed before water is added. 
The solution may be used moderately strong to the older 
branches, weaker to the younger ones. Kerosene may be 
used instead of the above—Professor Comstock states that 
he has sprayed it pure on plants, without injury to them ee 
but it is usually employed diluted with four or five times 
its bulk of water; in this strength it may be applied to the 
branches without risk of injury. Another useful remedy 
is employed thus: Towards the end of autumn, or 1 ` 
winter when the weather is mild, the earth for about aft. E 
from the tree is thrown back from the old roots, and one or. 
two pailfuls of lime-water, or of lye of wood ashes, 18 
poured in; then about lin. of newly-slaked lime !* 
Scattered in, and the earth is replaced. All small ect" 
> E the insect is established should be cut off an 
urn 
WORM GRASS. See Spigelia marilandica. 
w (named in honour of Olaus Wormers $3 
famous Danish philosopher and naturalist). SYN- Len 
ORD. Dilleniacem. A genus comprising nine species 
stove trees; one is found in the Mascarene Islands, gaia 
is Australian, and the rest inhabit tropical Asia. Ge 
