DR. ROXBURGH ON THE GENUS AQUILARIA. 205 
This is intended for a caution against employing that from which the essential oil has 
been already extracted, for fraudulent dealers sell the refuse of the wood after the oil has 
been drawn from it. The process of extraction consists in macerating in water and then 
. distilling. The produce of distillation, on cooling, yields the essential oil. Some put a 
few almonds with the residuum and extract the oil by inversion. This is termed Chwwah- 
agar. It is not so fragrant as the genuine Chúwah, obtained without the addition of 
almonds, from the raspings of Aloe-wood which have not been distilled. Some again mix 
raspings of Sandal-wood, and proceed to distil, and then collect the essential oil from the 
produce of the distillation when cold. This likewise is less fragrant than the purer kind. 
... *'The author of the * Akhtiyárát-bádóí' has said, that it comes from Bandar Chineh, 
situated at a distance of ten days from Java; and this is exceedingly scarce, so that it is sold 
for its weight in gold. It appears to have no smell, but when it is held in the hand and 
becomes warm, it sweats and diffuses a most exquisite fragrance, which is very permanent. 
This is true, and agrees with what the author has also learnt from oral information. The 
name may be merely an error of the transcriber. 
* Another sort of wood, very similar in its appearance to the Ud, is found in Bengal, 
and is sold for it to the unwary. It is named Tagar*.” ; 
The close of this passage may excite a doubt whether the tree mentioned by Mr. Dick's 
informant, under the name of Tagar, be really the same with that from which the Agar, 
or Aloe-wood, is obtained. However, it is not unlikely, notwithstanding the general accu- 
racy of the author of the * Mekhzen úl adveyeh,’ that his distinction between the Tagar 
and the Udd is unfounded. 
The four varieties of Ud noticed by this author correspond nearly to the four sorts 
which the Arabian writers have described under similar denominations, taken, as observed 
by them also, from names of places. In the Latin translation of Serapior, the denomi- 
nations are—1. Indum, the best sort, black and ponderous, found in a certain island of 
India called Finma. 2. Mondanum, so called from the Indian city Mondel. 3. Seificum, 
from Seifi, situated at the distance of three days from the place which gives name to the 
next sort. 4. Alewmericum, the kind least yalued. In three out of four instances, the 
correspondence of names is conspicuous and exact. 
Sanscrit writers have three varieties of the Aloe-wood: Ist, 4gur", the common sort ; 
or black aloes, being of a darker colour than the common kind; 3rd, Man- 
having the fragrancy of the Mallica, or Jasminum Zambac. 
an etymology to derive Mandali (Monda- 
But there can be no hesitation in de- 
as well as the denomination which it 
2nd, Cáláguru, 
galya, or Mangalyaguru, 
^ I know not whether it would be too strained 
num of Serapio) from the Sanserit Mangalyá. 
ducing the Malay name of the Aloe-wood, Garo}, as I Sage 
bears in every provincial language of India, Agar, from the Sanscrit Aguru. tet the 
regular etymology of this term (from « privative, and guru heavy) does not convey a very 
* If this is the produce of a different tree, it may be that of Dr. Roxburgh's Amyris Agallocha, a native of the same 
i i wood.— . 203.] 
country, and said to yield Aloe- .—R. [But see p : dem 
| arcias, Hist. Aromat. 65, and Rumphius, Herb. Amb. ii. 39. ; 
: en gh ii eerie: this to be the original of Pliny’s Tarum ; but Salmasius denies that the 
Tarum of Pliny is the Agallochum. 
