5 
. 
THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
Papaver—continued. 
setigerum (bristly). fl. violet; capsule obovate, not stipitate. 
* — A = ally othe Opium Poppy, but 8 from 
it in having the teeth of the leaves terminating in a stiff bristle, 
and in the simple or slightly branched stem ending in two or 
three elongated peduncles, which, as well as the leaves, are 
hairy. h. lft. to 2ft. Europe, Asia. (S. B. F. G. 172.) Of this 
Poppy, numerous fine strains have originated in gardens. 
Fig. 30. PAPAVER MURSELLI. 
P. somniferum (sleep-causing).* Opium Poppy. H. variously 
coloured, white, rose, lilac, violet, often striped, and usually with 
a darker spot at the base of the petals, the latter fringed in some 
varieties. Stem many-flowered, smooth. July. “. oblong-am- 
lexicaul, sinuate, glaucous, broad, waved, lobed, cordate at the 
Base. h. 3ft. to 4ft. Europe, Asia, West Africa, India, and 
naturalised in many parts of this country, Annual. (B. M. Pl. 
18). Opium is the inspissated milky juice of this species, 
obtained by making incisions in the capsule. The seeds are 
destitute of narcotic quality, and may be eaten; they are sold as 
birds’ food, under the name of Maw Seed. The name pæoniæ- 
florum is given in gardens to a select strain of this species with 
very double, Pwony-like flowers. What is grown in gardens 
under the name of Danebrog Poppy (see Fig. 29), is also a strain 
of this species. P, Murselli is another garden strain, with double 
flowers and fringed petals (see Fig. 30). 
 PAPAVERACES. A natural order of glabrous 
and often glaucescent, or long-pilose, herbs, or very 
rarely small shrubs, mostly inhabiting the temperate, 
cold, and sub-tropical regions of the Northern hemi- 
sphere, only a few being found within the tropics or in 
the Southern hemisphere. Flowers hermaphrodite, 
regular or (in Fumariew) irregular; sepals two or 
three, rarely four, free, imbricated, very caducous; 
petals four or six, rarely eight or twelve, free, in two, 
or rarely three, series, imbricated and frequently corra- 
gated, deciduous; stamens hypogynous, free, or the fila- 
ments connate; peduncles one-flowered, or very rarely 
sub-umbellately many-flowered, usually elongated, ter- 
minal or in the upper axils. Fruit a capsule. Leaves 
alternate, or the floral ones occasionally sub-opposite, 
entire, or often lobed or dissected, exstipulate. Many 
of the species contain coloured juices. The most im- 
portant product, however, is opium, prepared from the 
milky juice of Papaver somniferum; this species is also 
cultivated in France for its seeds, which yield what is 
known as white oil or oleum. The order comprises 
twenty-five genera and about 160 species. Well-known 
examples are: Eschscholtzia, Fumaria, Papaver, and 
Platystemon. 
PAPAW-TREE. See Carica Papaya. 
PAPAYA. Inelnded under Carica. 
PAPAYACEZR. A tribe of Passijlorea. 
PAPER MULBERRY. See Broussonetia papy- 
rifera. 
PAPER. REED OR RUSH. See Papyrus anti- 
duorum. 
PAPER-TREE. See Streblus asper. 
PAPHINIA. Included under Lycaste (which see). 
PAPILIONACEÆ. A sub-order of Leguminosae, 
spread over the whole world, but principally inhabiting 
the North temperate hemisphere. There are some 295 
genera, and about 4700 species. All the British, and, 
with two exceptions, all the European, members of 
Leguminose belong to this sub-order. For the chief 
botanical characteristics, see Leguminosæ. 
Fic. 31. PAPILIONACEOUS COROLLA, 
PAPILIONACEOUS. Having a corolla similar to 
that of the Pea. See Fig. 31. 
PAPILIONIDE. A family of Butterflies, some 
species of which are injurious to cultivated plants. The 
family marks are: that the perfect insects are modorately 
large, the wings spreading from ltin. to 4in. across, 
and all six legs are useful for walking; the larvæ are 
long, nearly cylindrical, and naked, or only slightly 
hairy; and the pups are fixed to supports by both a 
belt of silk round the middle and a silk cord at the 
tail. The family includes eleven British species, and 
among these are the largest British butterfly, viz., the 
Swallow-tail, which lives in the Fen Counties of England, 
feeding on Umbellifers. Other well-known species are 
the Brimstone Butterfly, the Clouded Yellows, the Orange 
Tip, and the various White Butterflies. These last alone 
are hurtful in gardens. The larve of the Large White 
(Pieris Brassice) and the Small White (P. Rape) do 
great injury to Cabbages (see Cabbage Caterpillars), 
and those of the Black-veined White (Aporia Crategi) 
feed on Hawthorn, and on Apple and Pear-trees (see 
Hawthorn Caterpillars). 
PAPILLZE, or PAPULZ. 
ficial glands, 
PAPPUS. A term applied to various hairy tufts 
on achenes or fruits; or to the mere rim, scales, or hairs, 
to which the calyx is reduced in Composite. 
PAPULZE. See Papille. 
PAPYRACEOUS. Of the consistency of writing- 
paper. 
PAPYRIA. A synonym of Gethyllis. 
PAPYRUS (from Papuros, an old Greek name, of 
Egyptian origin, used by Theophrastus). ORD. Cyperacee. 
A small genus of sedges, mostly stove aquatic perennials, 
natives of tropical and warm regions, included, by 
Bentham and Hooker, under Cyperus. Inflorescence in 
many- flowered spikelets, surrounded by long bracts; 
glumes imbricated, in two rows, one-flowered. The only 
species requiring mention here is P. antiquorum. It is 
usually cultivated as an aquatic, but may be grown in a 
pot of rich, heavy loam, if kept standing in a pan or 
tub of water. For sub-tropical gardening, it is a very 
useful subject, and is best grown in shallow water, in 
a warm position. It should be removed indoors early in 
the month of September. Propagated by divisions of 
the rhizome. 
P. antiquorum (ancient).* Egypti r Rush. 
Stems pis pool ve Tomten Fap gg gn top, 
an umbel of pendent leaves, which impart a very graceful and 
striking appearance. A. 10ft. Egypt, 1803. ‘The pith-like 
Soft, oblong, super- 
