108 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Photinia— continued. 
bright red. July. l. oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly serrated. 
h. 10ft. to 20ft. California, 1796. Tree. SYN. Crategus arbuti- 
Jolia. (B. R. 491.) 
P. elli (elliptic). AH. white; thyrse compound, terminal, 
clothed with fulvous tomentum. fr. yellow, downy. l flat, 
elliptic, toothed, tomentose beneath. h. 30ft. Nepaul, 1823. 
P. japonica (Japanese).* Japan Medlar; Japan Quince ; 
Tone fl. white, in pendulous racemes. Autumn. fr. about 
the size of a small apple, pale orange-red, downy, in large 
bunches. . large, oblong, rugose, downy beneath. A. 10ft. 
to 20ft. Japan, 1787. A handsome shrub or tree, producing 
edible fruit when grown under cover. It is sufficiently hardy 
to withstand the cold of an ordinary English winter, but an 
unusually severe frost is fatal to it. From the late period of its 
flowering, the fruits are scarcely ever produced here in the open 
air, although, in the South of France, considerable quantities 
annual] This species, like its congeners, is pecu- 
are secu 
liarly well 8 for wall culture as an ornamental, flowering 
. See Figs. 125 and . 
shrub 126. (B. R. 365 
Phragmidium continued. 
in the spore. The Fungus, as observed on the leaves, 
is reprodueing the species, and the spots are masses of 
spores formed at certain places; but the more important 
part is the mycelium, which grows among, aud feeds on, 
the tissues of the host-plant. The Brands of this genus 
are, as a rule, not very hurtful to cultivation, though 
both the above, viz., Rose Brand (P. subcorticium, Schr., 
or P. mucronatum, Fr., with six to eight-celled spores) 
on Roses, and P. Rubi-Idaet on Raspberry, are common. 
The only remedy is to remove and to destroy all the 
diseased leaves, by burning or by digging into the soil. 
PHRATORA VITELLINZ (the Willow-leaf 
Beetle). A small beetle, elliptical in form, but ened, 
about iin. or zin. long by ùin. broad, and deep blue or 
metallic green in colour. Wing-cases are marked 
Fid. 126. PHOTINIA JAPONICA, showing Inflorescence and Single Fruit. 
P. serralata (toothed).* Chinese Hawthorn. 
ns erg a 
China, 1804. A Tons eae Sua NEA gee E. M. 
2105; L. B. C. 248.) 5 
PHOTINOPTERIS. Included under Acrostichum. 
PHRAGMIDIUM (from the Greek phragmos, a 
fence; in allusion to the partitions between the numerous 
cells in each spore). A small genus of Fungi, be- 
longing to the group popularly known as Brands, or 
in science as Uredinew. The species best known to 
gardeners are those that cause the Raspberry Brand 
(P. Rubi-Idaei, Pers., or P. gracile, Grev.) on wild and 
on garden Raspberries, and Rose Brand (P. mucro- 
natwm) on Rose-leaves. In all the species of Phrag- 
midium, the Fungus appears on the green parts, 
especially on the leaves, in the form of small spots, 
usually very numerous, on the lower surface. The leaf 
is, in some plants (e.g., Bramble), discoloured around the 
spots; in others (e.g., Raspberry), it is not discoloured. 
The Fungus is, at first, yellow, and the spots are seen, 
with the aid of the microscope, to be made up of 
masses of globular, or angular, yellow cells or spores. 
In this stage, the species of Phragmidiwm used to be 
referred to the genus Lecythea. As the Fungus matures, 
the spots become dark brown or black, and the spores 
then present are much larger than those produced in 
the previous stage. Each consists of a single row of 
cells, from three to ten in number. They are very dark 
brown when mature, and are supported on slender foot- 
stalks. The species on Raspberry has eight to ten cells 
lengthwise with rows of dots. The beetles and their 
larve feed on the leaves of Willows and of Poplars, 
gnawing the tissues of the leaf from below till only the 
network of veins is left, with the thin, transparent mem- 
brane of the upper surface stretched upon it. The 
larvæ are rather long in the body, with six true legs on 
the front part. The head is black, the body whitish or 
yellowish, with black marks on the back, and black 
spots on the sides. They become pupm in the soil. 
There are usually two broods in a year, and the beetles 
of the second hybernate, protected under loose bark, or 
among rubbish on the ground near the plants. All sorts 
of gom and Poplars are liable to injury from this 
insect. 
Remedies. The larvæ may be shaken off the leaves, upon 
anything spread to receive them, and should be collected 
and destroyed. The mere shaking them off while im- 
mature is of use, as many fail to find their way back to 
the trees; but such a proceeding would do little harm 
to the mature larvæ, which are ready to burrow into 
the earth. In some parts of the country, the Willow- 
growers have their trees hand-picked or shaken over 
vessels containing a little paraffin. Others make use of 
Paris green, in suspension, in water, about Ib. to 11b. being 
used in 40gals. of fluid; this must be sprinkled over 
the plants. The hybernating beetles should also be 
removed in the loose bark and surface rubbish, and all 
the rubbish in which they lie should be burned. In 
various parts of the country, the Osiers were threatened 
with 5 till Paris green was employed as a 
remedy. 
