AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
oF H 
— 
Pinus continued. ; 
circulation of air and light, such as prevails in badly- 
tended shrubberies, will destroy or weaken shrubs and 
trees, and that plants brought into an unhealthy condition 
by any of these causes are rendered far more liable to 
suffer harm from parasites. The larger Fungi, such as 
Fic. 168. RHIZOMORPHA FRAGILIS var, SUBCORTICALIS. Mycelium 
of Agaricus melleus, in the form it assumes when wing 
between the bark and the wood—a, Form intermedia be- 
tween fragilis and subcorticalis expanding into the latter on 
a sia b, apei where 8 4 2 25 Lobed re a 
d, Margin that has reac cul ace tump; í 
= of Stump of Fir-tree. N 
Polyporus, very often gain access to the stem or root 
through wounds left by the fall of branches or by careless 
pruning. Root parasites spread through the soil from 
diseased to healthy roots. Most of them can live for a 
considerable time on the dead roots; hence, young trees 
Fig. 169. AGARICUS MELLEUS. Pine-root attacked by Mycelium 
(a) in the form known as Rhizomorpha fragilis. 
should not be planted at once in the place of diseased 
ones that have been uprooted, however carefully the roots 
have been removed; and it is better, in any event, to let 
some time elapse, when trees are cut down, before planting 
others in their place. 
Remedies. Whatever can promote healthy growth, espe- 
cially the removal of the unfavourable conditions noted 
above, must be regarded as of the greatest importance 
as a preventive of disease due to the attacks of parasites. 
To prevent the spread of the root Fungi, Dr. Hartig 
recommends that narrow trenches be dug round the in- 
fected area, thus cutting the roots and preventing the 
spread of mycelium. Polypori on stems and branches 
usually denote that the wood is attacked for some distance 
around the spots, and that the prospect of saving the 
trees is not great; though, in the case of choice trees, it 
may be worth while to scoop away the di eased part, and 
to fill up the cavity in such a way as to prevent water 
lodging in it. Dead or dying trees should not be left 
standing to spread disease. Dead branches should be 
removed, and ragged stumps should be trimmed, and 
coated with some compound to prevent water and Fungus 
spores from getting into them. Branches attacked by 
Peridermium Pini should be cut off and burned, and 
Senecios should be uprooted from the neighbourhood of 
Fir-trees, even though the connection of P. Pini with 
Coleosporium Senecionis still demands investigation. 
brown or chestnut, with a broad, darker cross-bar. 
Pinus—continued. airas 
Hysterium Pinastri can, probably, best be combated by 
the destruction of the Fungus in the needles; and, with 
this view, all fallen branches, bearing leaves and débris 
from trees attacked by this Fungus, should be col- 
lected, as far as possible, and burn etc. 
In crowded shrubberies and woods, and in shady situa- 
tions, the needles of Conifers are apt to be overgrown 
with Fungi of the group of Fumago, with an alga, Plewro- 
coccus vulgaris, &c., which form a dark coat, like soot, 
on the needles. This coat prevents the latter doing their 
work for the welfare of the plant, and is thus hurtful, 
even though the plants forming it do not directly absorb 
food from the needles. Tho most effectual remedy is 
thinning out the shrubberies, and allowing better access 
of light and air. 
IN SEC TS. Pines, Scotch Firs, and other Conifers are 
very subject, in forests, to the attacks of various kinds 
of insects; and they are liable to injury from the same 
insects, though in a less degree, in pleasure-grounds and 
. The roots are sometimes injured by the 
ons of Cockchafers and Mole Crickets; and some 
the Bark Beetles live in them in the same way 
as they live in the stems. The wood of the stems is 
bored into, and seriously damaged, by the larve of 
certain species, of which may be mentioned Sirez, as fre- 
quently present, the Goat Moth occasionally, and the 
Pine Weevils. Sickly trees often have their : 
ned by ravages of various species of small- 
beetles (see Pine Bark Beetles) chiefly belonging to the 
family Scolytide; and the young branches, and the trees 
themselves while young, are often killed by these beetles, 
and by the larvæ of certain small moths, all of which 
bore into the branches and young stems, nearly or 
quite to the pith, and tunnel up them towards the tips, 
causing them to wither and fall. See Retinia. Several 
beetles are very hurtful in the mature state, by gnawing 
the bark off young twigs and young stems, or by 
puncturing the bark (Pissodes Pini and P. notatus). 
They thus cause an outflow of resin from each puncture. 
The larve of certain moths of the genus Retinia also 
cause an outflow of resin, which by R. resinana is made 
into a shelter that looks remarkably. like a gall). The 
buds also are injured by these insects. The thinner 
branches of Scotch Firs are often swollen to twice their 
natural thickness by Gall Mites of the genus Phytoptus 
(see Mites), the effect of which is, frequently, the death 
of the branches. These galls should be out off 
destroyed, to prevent the disease spreading. The needles — 
or leaves are eaten by numerous insects, of which the 
more injurious are Sawflies (see Pine Sawflies) and 
Moths. Of the latter, we may ify the Pine Beauty, 
Fic. 170. Pine BEAUTY Morn (Trachea piniperda). 
Trachea piniperda (see Fig. 170), a heavy-bodied insect, 
with we por e a reddish-brown colour, mottled“ 
with orange, yellow, white, and sometimes green; the 
Bordered White, (Fidonia piniaria), a Geometer in 
which the male is white and black above, with 
feathered antennæ, and the female is dull orange-brown, 
with slender antennæ; and the Carpet Moths (Thera 
firmata, &c.), similar in form to the last, but with the 
sexes alike, the antennæ slender, and the fore-wings 
as larvæ, 
Several small species of the Tortricina live, l 
between needles of Conifere, spun loosely together, and 
