AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 
Pupa—continued. 
skin in their origin, and are not present after the 
larval stage. When the larva is full-fed, it crawls away 
to search out a safe resting-place, and then spins round 
its middle a silken cord, which is fixed at both ends to 
the support. The tail, also, is fixed to the support by 
a pad of silk. The larva then sheds its skin, and the 
Pupa emerges, of the form shown in Fig. 327. This 
figure shows the wing-cases protecting the future wings, 
and also the sheath for the left antenna. All the limbs 
of the perfect insect are indicated on the outer shell of 
the Pupa, though bound down itimovably, and all useless 
— f 
Le” 
LP ed 1 IRENA VV VAAN 
my yy 8 N 
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Fig. 326. LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 
to the insect in this stage. Throughout this stage of de- 
velopment no food can be eaten. The Pupa is often called 
chrysalis (from the Greek work chrysos, golden), because 
of the metallic-yellow spots that appear in the Pupe 
of certain common Butterflies, e.g., the Tortoiseshell. 
From the Pupa, usually after the winter has passed, 
the perfect insect emerges, bursting the skin on the front 
half of the back along the middle line, and crawling 
out. At first, the wings are only the size of the wing- 
sheaths of the Pupa, but, in an hour or so, they grow 
F iy 4) 
f fi I 4 
i tit | 
KT | ant 
Fig. 327. LARVA AND PUPA OF LARGE WHITE CABBAGE 
BUTTERFLY. 
to their full size, and become stiff and firm, and fitted 
for flight (see Fig. 326). This example has been selected 
for description as one in which the Pupa differs much in 
appearance, powers of movement, and many other points, 
from the larva on the one side, and from the perfect 
insect on the other. But, in several large groups of 
insects, the difference is less marked; e.g., the Pupa of 
a wasp has the limbs not bound down to the body, 
though it moves them little, and cannot eat any food. 
The Pupæ of beetles resemble those of wasps in this 
respect. Among certain orders of insects, the metamor- 
e F 
Pupa—continued. 
phosis in incomplete, and the Pupa in these orders 
usually resembles the perfect insect in all points, except 
that the wings are represented only by rudimentary 
organs, quite useless for flight, and the larva differs 
from the Pupa only in its smaller size, and in the entire 
absence of any trace of wings. In these, the Pupa 
is as active, and feeds as voraciously, as the larva. As 
common insects that exemplify this condition of Pupa, 
may be mentioned Aphides, Crickets, and Grasshoppers. 
The helpless Pupæ, such as are met with among Coleo- 
ptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera (see In- 
sects) are usually protected in a cocoon, spun by the 
larva when it has reached a safe retreat, though a few 
resemble the Cabbage Butterflies in making no cocoon. “ 
Very often the retreat is underground, many of the larva 
burrowing, and making the cocoons in the soil, chiefly 
of grains of earth, cemented by a silken network, or by 
a fluid emitted from the mouth. 
PUPALIA (Pupali is said to be the name in the 
East Indies). Including Desmocheta. ORD. Amarantacee. 
A genus comprising only three species of stove, slightly 
glabrous or tomentose, trichotomously-branched herbs or 
sub-shrubs, natives of tropical Asia and Africa, Flowers 
green, perfect ones solitary, the imperfect ones in fascicles, 
disposed in interrupted, simple or paniculate spikes; 
perianth of the perfect flowers five-parted, the segments 
lanceolate, acuminate, sub-equal; stamens five, the fila- ` 
ments very shortly connate at base. Leaves opposite, — 
petiolate, ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acuminate, entire. — 
P. atropurpurea is probably the only species in cultiva- 
tion. It is an evergreen sub-shrub, thriving in sandy 
loam. It may be increased by means of cuttings, in- 
serted in sand, under a bell glass, in heat. — 
— rk purple). f. dark disposed in 
See in. to Tin. oe api k rA long, fully 
lin. broad, slender, long-stalked, ovate, acuminate, obsoletely 
mucronulate, slightly dotted. Stem striated. Branches purplish, 
ascendent. h. 14ft. to 2ft. Tropics, 1759. 
PURGATIVE. A cathartic; any plant which is 
used in medicine as an evacuant. 
PURIFICATION FLOWER. A common name of 
Galanthus nivalis. 
PURPLE CARROT-SEED MOTH (Depressaria 
depressella). This insect is, along with congeners alr 
mentioned (see Carrot-blossom Moth and 
Moth), at times, hurtful to Carrots and Parsnips 
grown for seed, inasmuch as the larve feed, in company, 
on the flowers, protected under a slight web, spun over 
the umbels. When full-fed, they burrow into the stalks, 
and there become pupæ. The moths emerge early. The 
spread of wings is a little over jin. The front wings are 
reddish-brown, with a bent, pale yellowish band near the 
hind margin, and a large, pale spot on the inner margin, 
beyond the middle. The head is pale yellow. The larva 
is green, with a tinge of red, but has the head and 
second segment black. 
Remedies, The most efficient is hand-picking the 
infested umbels, and destroying the larve. The damage 
done is seldom very serious. 
PURPLE MEDICK. See Medicago sativa. 
PURPLE WREATH. See Petrea volubilis. 
PURPURASCENS. Purplish. 
PURSHIA (named after Frederick Pursh, author of 
“Flora Americe Septentrionalis,” 1817). Syns. Kunzia, 
Tigarea. ORD. Rosacee. A monotypic genus, the species 
being a much-branched, hardy, evergreen shrub, with 
sealy buds. It thrives in a sandy soil. Propagated by 
cuttings of young shoots, inserted in sand, under a hand 
light, in early summer. 
P. tridentata (three-toothed). fi. yellow, terminal, on short 
peduncles. July. l obcuneate, tridentate, crowded on the 
points of the shoots, hairy above, tomentose beneath. aft. 
to 3ft. North-west America, 1826. (B. R. 1446; H. F. B. A. £8.) 
