OF HORTICULTURE. 
AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
269 
Radish—continued. 
are transparent, and the third and fourth veins in each 
converge slightly. The female differs from the male in 
the broader body, and the ash-grey colour; the stripes 
on the thorax are faint-coloured, and there is only a 
slender, dark line down the middle of the abdomen. 
The larve have neither head nor limbs, but are blunt 
behind, and taper to a point in front. They are yellowish, 
fleshy, and wrinkled. On the blunt hinder end are 
several fleshy lobes, and breathing-pores in two groups 
of three each. The larve eat into the roots, and cause 
them to rot. When full-fed, they leave the roots, and 
change, in the soil, into dull ochreous pupæ of the form 
Fic. 347. CHINA Rose RADISH. 
usually met with in Diptera. The larvæ of Anthomyia 
floccosa, Macq. (? A. floralis, Fall.), also feed in the roots 
of Radishes, Cabbages, and allied plants, as do likewise 
the larvæ of A. Brassice (see Cabbage Fly) and of 
A. (Homalomyia) canicularis; and those of A. Raphani 
feed on Radishes in North America. Al of these insects 
are very like the Radish Fly, and it is unnecessary to 
describe them, since the habits of all are much the 
same in all stages. The larvæ have been found in large 
numbers feeding in dung, and the insects have been 
reared from this. It has also been observed that when 
ground is manured with farmyard dung, the root-crops 
* apt to suffer from the attacks of larve of these 
ies. 
Remedies. The most effectual seems to be crude car- 
bolic acid, in solution. Successful results have followed 
its use, in the strength of half a pint of acid mixed with 
one gallon of boiling water, to which about a quart of 
soft soap has been added. This should be diluted with 
fifty gallons of water; or it may be used even in a weaker 
solution. The plants should be watered with this fluid 
every week, after they appear above ground. Instead of 
this, much-diluted gas-water may be used; or gas-lime 
may be sprinkled along the rows. Farmyard manure is 
not safe, if there are maggots in it; mineral manures 
may be substituted in their stead. 
— leaves are occasionally eaten by larve of 
e White Butterflies (Cabbage Caterpillars), and of 
various Moths (Mamestra, Plusia, Potherb Moths), 
as well as by the Turnip Flea (Phyllotreta nemorum), 
and by other small beetles allied to it. The seeds are 
destroyed in the fruits by larve of, Ceuthorhynchus 
Radish—continued. 
assimilis (Turnip-seed Weevil), which is closely allied 
to the Weevils that make galls on roots of Cabbage, 
Turnip, Charlock, and Wild Mustard. For the nature 
of the injuries in each case, and for the 
remedies, see the heading quoted for each. 
Sorts. Of these there are many in commerce which 
may be classed as Long-rooted and Turnip-rooted varie- 
ties. There are also intermediate globular forms, and 
these are much esteemed. The following varieties are 
amongst the best: f 
BLACK SPANISH, an excellent hardy sort for autumn and winte 
CHINA ROSE, root oblong or aiir, conical, bright r 
— ; also fe — varie! 
ARLY FRAME (V ’s), one of the earliest, shorter than the LONG 
SCARLET, of which it is a sub-variety ; aos for forcing. EARLY 
ROSE GLOBE, a very early and much-esteemed sort, of a fine, 
Fig. 348. EARLY ROSE GLOBE RADISH, 
clear rosy-scarlet, com (see Fig. 348). FRENCH BREAKFAST, 
a beautiful olive-shaped variety, with white tip, of quick growth, 
and very mild flavour; one of the best for forcing and summer 
use. LONG SCARLET, SHORT-TOP, one of the best and most 
esteemed long varieties, because of its bright colour; much cul- 
tivated for market. OLIVE SCARLET, an excellent sort, of quick 
owth and fine colour. RED TURNIP- j <p and of mild 
flavour ; very extensively grown for market, and well for 
general summer use, because it withstands dry weather. WHITE 
TURNIP-ROOTED has a white skin, but otherwise differs very 
little from the red — it is equally good, but the colour of 
the latter is generally preferred. _ : 
RADIUS, RAY. The circumference of the circle 
formed by umbels or heads, or of other such parts. 
RADIX. The root; the descending axis; that part 
which is the development of a radicle. It differs from 
a stem, not only in its origin, but in not branching 
symmetrically, and in haying no normal leaf-buds. 
RAPFIA OR ROFFIA PLANT. ‘See Raphia 
Ruffia and R. tedigera. : 
RAFNIA (named in honour of C. G. Rafn, a Danish 
botanist, who wrote a Flora of Denmark, in 1796). 
Orv. Leguminose. A genus comprising twenty-two 
species of glabrous, and often glaucous, greenhouse 
shrubs or sub-shrubs, confined to South Africa. Flowers 
yellow, solitary or shortly racemose, terminal or in the 
axils of bracts; calyx unequally five-fid, the lowest seg- 
ment narrowest; corolla glabrous; standard roundish ; 
keel incurved, rostrate or obliquely truncate. Pods 
linear or lanceolate. Leaves simple, entire, one-nerved 
or reticulate-veined. The species, a selection of which 
is given below, thrive in a compost of fibry loam and 
sandy peat, with the addition of pieces of charcoal and 
broken pots, to keep the whole rongh. Attention to 
drainage is an important point. Propagation may be 
effected, at the beginning of summer, by cuttings of firm 
side shoots, inserted in sand, and covered with a bell 
glass; or, in spring, by seeds, sown on a hotbed. 
( r-branched). fl., upper and lateral calyx 
appropriate 
for autumn and winter vote. 347), 
= nearly as long as the calyx tube or somewhat longer; 
flowering branchlets forked. May. 1. din. to ljin, long, oblong- 
