276 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Raphanus—continued. 2 
leaves lyrate. Root often succulent. R. caudatus fur- 
nishes long, edible pods. For culture and general re- 
marks, see Radish. 
R. caudatus (tailed). M. purplish and veined, the size of those 
of the common Wallflower. =e) to August. Pods depressed, 
acuminated, longer than the whole plant. Stems purplish, with 
a glaucous hue, at first erect, then prostrate. Common! 
cultivated in Western India, said to be a native of Java, 1816. 
Annual. (R. G. 594.) 
R. sativus (cultivated). Common Garden Radish. f. varying 
from white to pale violet, with strong, dark-coloured veins, mode- 
rate-sized, borne on a round, erect and branching stem, about 3ft. 
high. May. Seed-pods smooth, ending in a beak. l. rough, 
lyrate, or partly divided into transverse segments, the outer one 
largest and broadest. Root reddish-purple, white, yellowish, or 
deep brown, fusiform, semi-globular, or turnip-shaped. Annual. 
This is a native of temperate regions of the Old World, but 
since remote historical times, it has been widely cultivated, an 
is now naturalised in many countries. Some botanists (Ben- 
tham, Hooker, and others) regard R. sativus as a form of 
R. Raphanistrum, 
RAPHIA (from raphis, a needle; alluding to the 
beaked fruit). Syn. Metroxylon (of Sprengel). ORD. 
Palme. A genus comprising six or seven species of 
stove palms, unarmed or with armed sheaths; one is 
a native of America, from the mouth of the Amazon to 
Nicaragua, and the rest are found in tropical Africa 
and Madagascar. Flowers elongated, often decurved, 
mon spathe none; partial ones numerous; spadices large, 
pendulous, cylindrical, densely much - branched, the 
branches imbricated, flabelliform, pectinate ; bracts ladle- 
shaped, compressed, closely imbricated. Fruit large, 
oblong, ovoid, or ellipsoid, rostrate, one-valved, one- 
seeded, with ample scales, the spikes sometimes weighing 
from 200lb. to 300lb. Leaves terminal, long, sub-erect, 
equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, thickly coriaceous, recurved, bristly or slightly 
aculeate at base and on the margins; petioles cylindrical, 
or convex at back and flattened above; sheaths short, 
with long-fibrous margins. Trunk mediocre or tall, simple 
or dichotomously divided, densely annulate. Several of 
the species are grown in this country. For culture, 
see Cocos. 
Ruffia, Raffia or Roffia ae F: i 
—— twelve (rarely —— te ———— —— 
shining, deeply sulcate. J. 50ft. to 60ft. long. Caudex tall. 
Mascarene Islands. 
R. teedigera (torch-bearing). Raffia or Roffia Palm. fl. greenish- 
olive, densely clustered; spadices very large, compound} 
branched, and drooping. „fr. 2}in. long, oblong, reticulated wit 
large scales, J. 50ft. or more long, rising nearly vertically from 
the stem, and bending out on every side in ceful curves 
forming a — plume 70ft. high and 40ft. in diameter : 
leaflets spread out 4ft. on each side of the midrib, rather 
irregularly scattered, and not very closely set, drooping at the 
tips, and BERDE weak spinules along the margins. Trunk 
generally 6ft. to 8ft. high, and about 1ft. in diameter, clothed for 
some distance down with the sheathing bases of the leafstalks 
Amazon, 1847. i 
R. vinifera (wine-producing). Bamboo or Wine Palm. fr. linear- 
—— ward — — — pale chestnut, slightly 
convex. l. 6ft. to 7ft. long; leaflets beset wit ines, Si 
Leone. A middle-sized ree oc a 
: RAPHIDES, or RHAPHIDES. (Crystals formed 
in the cells of plants, consisting of various salts, They 
are mostly needle-shaped—hence the name. 
RAPHIDOPHORA. A synonym of Rhaphido- 
phora (which see). 
RAPHIOLEPIS. See Rhaphiolepis. 
RAPHISTEMMA (from raphis, a needle, and 
stemma, a crown; in allusion to the needle-shaped seg- 
ments of the corona). ORD. Asclepiadee. A genus con- 
sisting of only two species of stove, twining, glabrous 
shrubs or sub-shrubs, natives of the East Indies and the 
Malayan Archipelago. Flowers white, rather large, in 
umbelliform, long-pedunculate cymes; calyx deeply five- 
cut or parted; corolla sub-campanulate, with five twisted 
lobes; corona scales five, adnate at base in a staminal 
long-exserted, on pectinate, compressed branchlets; com- | 
Raphistemma—continued. 
tube. Leaves opposite, membranous. 
The species intro- 
duced requires culture similar to Stephanotis (which 
see). ; 
R. ciliatum (ciliated). A synonym of Dæmia extensa. 
R. pulchellum (pretty). fl, corolla segments ovate, obtuse, 
erect; stigma rather prominent, umbilicate. July. l. cordate, 
acuminate, membranous, glabrous on both sides, glanduli- 
ferous. East Indies, 1852. Shrub. (F. d. S. 228; L. & P. F.G 
101; P. M. B. xiv. 27.) 
RAPUNCULUS. A synonym of Phyteuma (which 
see). 
RAPUNTIUM. A synonym of Lobelia (which 
see). 
RASPAILIA. A synonym of Polypogon. 
RASPALIA (named after F. V. Raspail, a celebrated 
French chemist and botanist, 1794-1878). ORD. Bru- 
niacee, A genus comprising seven or eight species of 
small, greenhouse, Heath-like shrubs, with twiggy 
branches, confined to South Africa. Flowers white or 
yellow, small, disposed in small, globose or elongated, : 
not involucrate, densely aggregate heads; calyx five- 
lobed; petals five, free, not keeled; bracts shorter than 
the flowers. Leaves dense, imbricated, appressed, thickly 
coriaceous, glabrous or velvety. R. microphylla, the 
only species calling for description, thrives in a compost 
of sandy peat. Propagated by cuttings of young, stubby 
shoots, inserted in sand, under a bell glass, in a cold 
frame. 
R. microphylla (small-leaved). . white, minute; heads the 
size of a pea. July. l. half to one line long and wide, spirally 
inserted, the younger ones ciliolate. Branches short, woolly, a 
little spreading. h. lft. or more. 
RASPBERRY (Rubus Idæus). The Raspberry is a 
native of most European countries, including Great 
Britain. It is a deciduous shrub, with a creeping, peren- 
nial rootstock, and a biennial stem. The fruit is 
extensively employed for cooking and preserving in 
various ways; it is also favoured for dessert, and 
largely used in the manufacture of Raspberry brandy, 
wine, vinegar, &c. When first ripened, it has a fine 
aroma, which is generally not retained longer than a 
day or two afterwards. Raspberry shoots, which are 
technically termed “ canes,” proceed annually from esta- 
blished plants, either from the rootstock or as suckers 
from the root. They grow through the summer, ripen 
and lose their leaves in autumn, and bear fruit the 
following season, on little branchlets, which are pro- 
duced from the joints (see Fig. 357). In the following 
autumn, these canes die down, and their place, the 
next season, is occupied by others that will have been 
growing in succession. These remarks have reference 
to the summer-fruiting varieties; those which bear in 
autumn do so on the points of shoots made during the 
summer. 
PROPAGATION. Raspberries are propagated from seeds, 
suckers, or offsets, and occasionally from cuttings. Seeds 
required for sowing should be saved from iarge, well- 
ripened fruits. They should be washed, to separate them 
from the pulp, and afterwards dried a little, yet not too 
much. If sown at once, in sandy soil, they will vegetate E 
in the spring, be ready for transplanting the following ; 
autumn, and bear some fruit the second year. Propa- ; 
gation by suckers or offsets is the plan most generally 
adopted. These must be carefully detached from esta- 
blished plants, when they proceed from near the base; 
the root-suckers, which often spring up some distance 
away, may easily be transplanted. October and No- 
vember are the best months for making new planta- 
tions, and for removing suckers; but the work may 
be performed, during fine weather, later on in winter. 
Cuttings are seldom inserted,’ unless for increasing 
on — variety more rapidly than suckers alone 
mit. 
