THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Raspberry—continued. 
which may then be killed by being thrown into boiling 
water. 
and in France, the Raspberry crop has been injured to 
the value of hundreds of pounds in a season. 
- The larve of a small moth (Lampronia rubiella), the 
Raspberry-bud Caterpillars, have been found feeding in 
such numbers in tips of the young shoots, eating their 
way down the centre, from near the tip towards the 
base, that the plants were severely injured. These larvae 
are bright red, with the head brown. They spin cocoons 
among dead leaves, in early summer; and, in two or 
three weeks, from them moths emerge about jin. in 
spread of fore wings, which are brown, with gold spots. 
The larve emerge from the eggs in autumn, and feed on 
the leaves; but in spring they bore into the shoots. They 
probably hybernate in the soil around the plants; hence, 
this should be turned over, to expose them to birds, 
damp, and cold. When the young shoots droop at the 
tips, the larvæ should be looked for, and, if they are 
_ found, the diseased shoots ought to be removed and de- 
stroyed, with the larve in them. 
A second Weevil (Anthonomus Rubi) may be called 
the Raspberry Weevil, inasmuch as it lives in the 
flower-buds of Raspberries and of Brambles. It is about 
_ gin. long by jin. broad, black, with a fine, grey 
pubescence, and white scutellum ; the wing-cases and 
the thorax are thickly pitted; the thighs are scarcely 
toothed. The colour varies so much as to have led to 
the forms being regarded as species, and named as such. 
The female bores æ hole in each flower-bud, in early 
summer, and pushes in an egg. She usually gnaws half 
through the stalk of the bud, and the latter is apt to 
fall off. The larvæ feed on the parts of the flower-bud, 
and the beetles appear from the buds in July, and | 
_ hybernate during winter. When they prove troublesome, 
they may be shaken off the plants, as recommended 
for the species of Otiorhynchus, and the infested buds 
may be picked off and destroyed. See also the remedies 
under Apple-blossom Weevil. 
Another beetle is recorded in the Report for 1883 as 
“causing fearful havoc, and entirely devouring the Rasp- 
berries” in Kent. This is the Raspberry Beetle (Byturus 
tomentosus). The beetle is about žin. long by half as 
broad. It varies in colour from dull yellow or reddish 
to brown, and is densely covered with fine grey pubes- 
cence ; the eyes are black, and the limbs are dull yellow 
_ or reddish-yellow. 
rubi, into the flower-buds; and the larve live in the fruits, 
which may ripen. The larve have six short legs, are 
_ rather flattened, and taper to each end. The head is 
pale brown; the body yellowish, darker on the back. 
The larve, when mature, leave the fruits, and shelter 
themselves in crevices, e.g., in cracks of bark of the 
Raspberry canes, and there form their cocoons, and 
become pupæ. The beetles emerge in spring. The 
same remedies may be used against these insects as have 
been recommended against the other beetles on Rasp- 
berries. A very similar insect (B. unicolor) is found in 
the United States of America on Raspberries. The leaves 
of Raspberries are frequently mined by larve of various 
kinds, which produce in the leaves conspicuous pale 
winding tunnels. About the most hurtful of these leaf- 
mining larve are those of Fenusa pumilio, a small 
Sawfly, about tin. long, and black, with pale yellow 
legs, except at the joints, which are black. At times 
the damage done by them materially affects the health 
of the plants. Almost the only remedy is to collect the 
diseased leaves and burn them, or to crush the larvæ 
in the leaves between the finger and thumb. _ 
The larve of several larger species of Sawflies, and of 
Moths, feed exposed on the leaves. A Cynipid (Dias- 
trophus Rubi) and a Midge (Lasioptera Rubi) cause woody 
galls on the stems, in the form of swellings, sometimes 
In certain districts in the south-west of England, — 
The female bores, like Anthonomus ` 
Raspberry—continued. 
2in. to 3in. long by şin. to lin. thick, tapering up- | 
wards and downwards. Three or four kinds of Aphides — 
feed on the leaves and other green parts of the bushes, 
but none of these are very hurtful. The gall-makers are 
easily kept in check by cutting off the galls while still 
young. The larve of the moths and Sawflies may be 
destroyed, if necessary, by applications of hellebore. 
The Aphides may be treated by any of the methods 
recommended under the heading Aphides. 
Sorts. The following list comprises most of the best 
varieties in cultivation; it is unnecessary to grow all of 
them, but occasionally one succeeds better than another. 
Baumforth’s Seedling. Fruit large, dark crimson, of excel- 
lent flavour. Considered an improved form of NORTHUMBERLAND 
FILLBASKET. Good. 
Belle de Fontenay. Fruit large, round, red. Leaves silvery 
underneath. An pr lg et variety, which ripens its fruit 
in October. i 
Carter’s Prolific. Fruit large, deep red; flesh firm, and of 
good flavour. A very free-bearing summer variety. 
‘Fastolf. Fruit very large, globular, bright red, of good flavour. 
A most abundant summer bearer; one of the best and most 
generally useful sorts. i . 
Large-fruited Monthly. Fruit rather large, deep purplish- 
red, of excellent flavour. A productive autumnal variety. 
McLaren’s Prolific, Fruit roundish, large, of a deep crimson 
colour, produced in summer, and again on the young shoots 
during autumn. . 
Northumberland Fillbasket. Fruit large, deep red, of good 
flavour. The variety is a very vigorous-growing one, and an abun- 
` dant summer bearer. 
October Red and October Yellow. Varieties with respec- 
tively red and yellow fruits, produced from September to 
November in fine seasons, principally from the young canes. 
of Wales. Fruit very large, globular, deep crimson, of 
excellent flavour. Summer. The canes are light-coloured, and 
of unusual strength, but are not produced very freely. 
Antwerp. Fruit large, conical, dull red, of brisk flavour. — 
A very old variety, several forms of which are in cultivation. 
Yellow Antw Fruit medium-sized, pale yellow, rich,and 
sweet. An abundant bearer. : i 
RASPBERRY JAM-TREE. A common name for 
Acacia acuminata. 
RASPIS. An old name for Raspberry. 
RATHEA. A synonym of Synechanthus (which see). 
RATHKEA. A synonym of Ormocarpum (which 
see). 
RATIBIDA. Included under Rudbeckia (which see). 
RATONIA (from Raton, the name used by the 
Spaniards of St. Domingo, for one of the species). In- 
cluding Gelonium. Syn. Arytera. ORD. Sapindacee. A 
genus comprising about forty-five species of usually 
trees, all tropical. Flowers small, pedicellate; racemes 
paniculate, often elongated, slender, many-flowered ; calyx 
small, cup-shaped. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, ab- 
ruptly pinnate; leaflets- alternate or often opposite, 
entire or rarely serrated. The species are of little hor- 
ticultural value. 
RATS. These animals are far less destructive than 
mice in gardens and shrubberies, owing to their food 
being made up to a much less extent of seeds. 
Their burrows are at times a cause of annoyance the 
neighbourhood of ponds or streams, to which they are 
partial. Their depredations in houses are well known 
to most persons; but dwelling-houses are more commonly 
invaded by them than garden-houses, in which food — 
less often procurable. They feed greedily on eggs, an 
will eat fledgling birds; hence, they are peculiarly objec- 
tionable where it is desired to encourage the smaller 
birds in pleasure-grounds and gardens. There are, how- 
ever, instances in which Rats prove themselves dli 
destructive, the worst being, perhaps, when they —— 
a house of ripe Grapes. The channels in which the h , 
water pipes are situate sometimes afford the 
either a means of entry to and exit from the house, OF 
