330 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Roxburghiacezs—continued. 
aphrodite, regular; perianth of four sub-equal, petaloid, 
biseriate, lobes or segments; stamens four, affixed at 
the base of the lobes or segments, or nearly hypo- 
gynous; filaments rather thick, free or connate in a ring 
at the base; peduncles axillary, filiform, one or loosely 
few-flowered, or densely many-flowered. Capsule at 
length two-valved. Leaves alternate or scattered, petio- 
late, three to many-nerved, with thick, parallel, trans- 
verse veinlets. The tuberous root of the species of 
Stemona is candied in India. Rowburghiacew comprises 
only about eight species, which Bentham and Hooker 
classify under three genera: Croomia, Stemona, and 
Stichonewron. 
ROYAL FERN. See Osmunda regalis. 
ROYAL PEACOCK FLOWER. See Poinciana 
ROYENA (named by Linneus, in honour of Adrian 
Van Royen; he and his son David were successively pro- 
fessors of Botany at Leyden). ORD. Ebenacee. A genus 
comprising thirteen species of greenhouse shrubs or trees, 
natives of tropical and southern extra-tropical Africa, 
Flowers axillary, pedunculate, solitary or rarely few in 
a fascicle or three to five in a cyme; calyx five, rarely 
four, parted or toothed; corolla urceolate or campanu- 
late, with five, rarely four, twisted, reflexed lobes. Fruit 
globose, ovoid or oblong. Leaves sessile or shortly petio- 
late. The species possess but little beauty. Several. have 
been introduced, but the two described below are the 
only representatives of the genus which call for mention 
here. They thrive in sandy loam. Propagation may be 
effected by means of cuttings, which strike freely in 
sand, under a bell glass. 
R. lucida (clear).* African Bladder Nut or Snowdrop-tree. fl. 
white, solitary on axillary peduncles jin. to lin. long; corolla 
five-fid. fr. red and fleshy when ripe, jin. to lin. in diameter. 
l. elliptical or somewhat ovate, usually pointed or apiculate at 
apex, obtuse or sub-acute, rounded or cordate or very rarely nar- 
rowed at base, jin. to 2}in. long, żin. to l}in. broad, shining 
above, on short petioles. A. 5ft. to 12ft. 1690. (B. R. 1846, 40.) 
R. pallens (pale). fl. white or yellowish ; peduncles usually much 
longer than the flowers. June. fr. 4in. to lin. in diameter, sub- 
globose or ovoid. l. narrowly obovate-elliptic, obtuse or rarely 
acute at apex, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, silky, © 
especially beneath, or glabrate, evergreen, żin. to 2in. long, 2in. to 
łin. wide. Branches pale or cinereous, silky-pubescent or often 
glabrescent. h. 4ft. to 15ft. 1752. SYN. R. pubescens (B. R. 500). 
R. pubescens (pubescent). A synonym of R. pallens, i 
ROYLEA (named in honour of John Forbes Royle, 
once superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Saha- 
rumpur, and Professor of Materia Medica at King’s Col- 
lege, London). ORD. Labiatw. A monotypic genus. The 
species is an interesting, erect, much-branched, green- 
house, cinereous’ shrub, with obsoletely quadrangular, 
spreading, paniculate branches. It will thrive in any 
light, rich soil. Cuttings will root readily in similar soil, 
if a glass be placed over them. 
t). A., W. i - : 
Rover fin, long, cano-pubescent ; corolla white, muck ditated wick 
rose-colour. July. Jl. copious, petiolate, ovate, acute, loosely 
sub-cordate, deeply and gage. serrated, lin. to 14in. long, 
green above, hoary beneath, h. 3ft. to 5ft. Himalayas, 1824, 
RUBBER PLANT, EAST INDIAN. A common 
name for Ficus elastica. 
RUBBER-TREE, AFRICAN. A common name 
for Landolphia. 
RUBESCENT. Reddish; turning red. 
RUBIA (from ruber, red; alluding to the dye which 
is extracted from the plant). Madder. ORD. Rubiacee. 
A genus comprising about thirty species of mostly hardy 
herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, inhabiting mostly 
temperate regions. Flowers small or minute, in axillary 
and terminal cymes. Leaves in whorls of four or rarely 
six, very rarely opposite and stipuled, sessile or petio- 
Rubia—continued. 
late. The species are of no particular horticultural value. 
` P. peregrina is a British evergreen. R. tinctoria is the 
species which furnishes the valuable dye. 
RUBIACEZ:. A large and important natural order 
of erect, prostrate, or climbing trees, shrubs, or herbs, 
mostly tropical and sub-tropical. Flowers hermaphro- 
dite, rarely unisexual, usually regular and symmetrical, 
variously disposed; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the 
limb superior, obsoletely cup-like or tubular, entire, 
toothed, or lobed; corolla gamopetalous, infundibular, 
hypocrateriform, campanulate, or rotate, rarely urceolate 
or tubular, glabrous, pilose or villous within; limb 
equal, or very rarely unequal or bilabiate; lobes valvate 
in wstivation, rarely twisted or imbricated; stamens as 
many as the corolla lobes, very rarely fewer, inserted 
in the throat or tube; filaments short, elongated, or 
wanting, very rarely monadelphous ; anthers usually two- 
celled. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe, two to ten 
(very rarely one) seeded. Leaves simple, opposite or 
whorled, entire, very rarely obtusely crenate, serrated, 
toothed, or pinnatifid-lobed; stipules various, persistent 
or deciduous, simple, or bifid or two-parted, free or 
connate with the petioles, or confluent in an axillary 
sheath, entire, toothed, or bristly, very rarely leaf-like. 
Among the economical products of Rubiacew, coffee and 
quinine take front rank; madder, a valuable dye, may 
also be mentioned. The order comprises about 340 
genera and 4100 species, many of which are well known 
in gardens. Examples: Bouvardia, Cinchona, Gardenia, 
Guettarda, Rondeletia. 
RUBICUND. Blushing; turning rosy-red. 
RUBIGINOSE. Brownish rusty-red. 
RUBUS (the Roman name, kindred with ruber, red). 
Bramble, &c. Including Comaropsis (in part), Dalibarda. 
ORD. Rosacee. A large genus (comprising, according to 
Bentham and Hooker, probably about 100 distinct species) 
of stove, greenhouse, or hardy, creeping herbs or gene- 
rally sarmentose and prickly shrubs, broadly dispersed. 
Flowers white or pink, disposed in terminal and axillary 
panicles or corymbs; calyx explanate, with a short, 
rather broad, ebracteolate tube and five persistent lobes ; 
petals five; stamens numerous, very rarely definite; 
filaments filiform; anthers didymous; carpels numerous, 
rarely few, inserted on a convex receptacle; achenes 
drupaceous, rarely dry. Fruit often edible. Leaves 
scattered, alternate, simple, lobed, three to five-foliolate, 
or impari-pinnate ; stipules adnate to the petioles. Among 
the most important species of this extensive genus are the 
following: R. Chamemorus (Cloudberry), R. fruticosus 
(Blackberry) and R. f. cæsius (Dewberry), R. Ideus 
(Raspberry), and R. occidentalis (Virginian Raspberry). 
A selection -of the best-known species is presented below. 
Except where otherwise indicated, they are hardy, de- 
ciduous shrubs. They succeed in almost any good garden 
soil, and may be propagated by seeds, by layers, and by 
covering the points of the shoots with soil. R. biflorus 
is very ornamental on a wall, because of its stems, 
which appear as if they had been whitewashed. R. la- 
ciniatus is a fine, free-growing, and ornamental subject for 
planting in beds where it can be allowed to grow freely. 
Of the common Bramble (R. fruticosus) there are several 
varieties well worthy of being cultivated for their large 
fruits, which are handsome and good, either raw, cooked, 
or preserved. They are mostly of American origin, and 
succeed well under similar culture to the Raspberry 
(which see). The following are the best: EARLY HARVEST, 
medium-sized fruit, an immense cropper, very vigorous; 
Kirratinny; LAWTON; MAMMOTH; PARSLEY-LEAVED ; 
WILSON, JUN., one of the finest and most prolific varieties, 
new; Witson’s EARLY, fruit large, early, plant very 
productive. The common species itself bears immense 
