AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 
335 
RUSCUS (the old Latin name, used by Virgil and 
Pliny). Butcher's Broom. Orp. Liliacew. A small 
genus (two or three species) of hardy plants, with erect, 
branched, slightly woody stems, natives of Europe and 
the whole Mediterranean region, from Madeira to the 
Caucasus. Flowers small, usually on the face of the 
cladode ; pedicels short, articulated at the apex. Berries 
globose, pulpy, indehiscent. Cladodes leaf-like, alter- 
nate or scattered, ovate or ovate -lanceolate, acute or 
pungent-pointed, rigidly coriaceous. The species thrive 
in common soil, and may be propagated by root-suckers. 
Fig. 399. FLOWERING BRANCHLET AND DETACHED FRUIT OF 
RUSCUS ACULEATUS. 
R. aculeatus (prickly). Common Butcher’s Broom; Pettigree 
or Pettigrue. fi. one or two, bracteate and bracteolate. February 
to April. fr. bright red, rarely yellow, żin, in diameter. cladodes 
i to lżin. long, ovate, rigid, spinescent, twisted at the base. 
tems 10in. to 2ft. high, erect. Europe (Britain), North Africa, 
&c. See Fig. 399. (Sy. En. B, 1516.) 
R. androgynus (hermaphrodite). A synonym of Semele an- 
drogyna. 
R. lum (leaf-under-leaf).* Double Tongue. fl. five or 
six t an umbel, disposed in the middle of the lower cladodes. | 
cladodes oblong or _ | 
May and June. i in. to fin. thick. 
4 —— — tn long ; upper ones alternate ; lower 
oblong- 
one appwnlte, ternate, or verticillate, distinctly costate. h. lft. 
to 14ft, Mediterranean region, 1640. (B. M. 20 F 
sum is regarded, by Mr. Baker, as a form of this species. 
R. racemosus (raceme-flowered), Alexandrian Laurel. £ 
greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, produced at the ends of the 
branches. May. jr. red, with a round, coriaceous, white disk 
at the base. cladodes oblong, acute, about 2in. long, rounded at 
base, smooth, lucid-green, alternate, sessile. A. 4ft. Portugal, 
1739. Evergreen shrub. (W. D. B. 145.) Danae racemosa is the 
correct name of this plant. 
RUSH. See Juncus. The name is also commonly 
applied to many species of allied and other genera. 
RUSH FERN. See Schizea. 
RUSH, FLOWERING. ‘See Butomus. 
RUSH LILY. See Sisyrinchium. 
RUSSELIA (named in honour of Alexander Russel, 
M.D., F.R.S., author of a “ Natural History of Aleppo,” 
1756). ORD. Scrophularinee. A genus comprising four 
or five species of showy-flowered, stove, evergreen shrubs, 
natives of Mexico and Central America. Calyx deeply 
five-fid or five-parted, with closely imbricated segments ; 
corolla scarlet, with a cylindrical tube and a sub-bilabiate, 
five-fid limb; stamens four; cymes dichotomous, bracteate, 
many-flowered or réduced to one. Leaves opposite or 
whorled; those on the branchlets (which are often nodding 
- when occurring on Wheat and other cereals. 
.) R. Hypoglos- | 
Russelia—continued. — 
or pendulous) frequently reduced to small scales, All 
the species introduced are described below. They thrive 
in light, rich soil. Propagation may be readily effected 
by cuttings, inserted in similar soil, under a glass, in 
heat. 
R. floribunda (bundle-flowered). A synonym of R. rotundifolia. 
R. juncea (Rush-like).* jl. in loose, remote-flowered racemes ; 
corolla lin. long; peduncles elongated. July. J. linear, lanceo- 
late, or ovate, small ; those on the branchlets minute and scale- 
like. Branches twiggy, rush-like, pendulous at apex. h. 3ft. to 
4ft. Mexico, 1833. (B. 220; B. R. 1773.) 
R. multiflora (many-flowered), A synonym of R. sarmentosa. 
R. rotundifolia (round-leaved). fl. like those of R. sarmentosa ; 
peduncles many-fiowered, June. l sessile, orbicular, deep] 
cordate at base, the cauline ones 2in. to 4in, long and broad, 
reticnlate-veined beneath, softly pubescent, closely sessile or semi- 
amplexicaul. k. 4ft. Mexico, 1824. Syn. R. floribunda. 
R. sarmentosa (sarmentose).* fl, falsely whorled or loosely 
cymose; corolla more or less bearded on the throat below the 
lower lip; peduncles from three or four to thirty or forty- 
flowered, axillary and remote, or in crowded racemes. July. 
l. variable, sometimes opposite or in whorls of three or four 
on the same specimen, cuneate or sub-cordate at base, acu- 
minate and acute or obtuse, serrate or crenate, glabrous or 
slight. ge h. 4ft. Central America, 1812. SYNS. R. multi- 
Jlora (B. M. 1528), R. ternifolia. 
R. ternifolia (ternate-leaved). A synonym of R. sarmentosa. 
RUST. Under this popular name, Fungi of more than 
one group are included. The true Rusts, from which 
the name has been derived, belong to the Uredinee 
(see Puccinia), to the forms distinguished as Uredo, 
Caoma, Trichobasis, Æcidium, and Lecythe, formerly con- 
sidered true genera, but now regarded only as stages in 
the development of Puccinia and of allied genera. The 
conidia, or spores, in these forms are small, round or oval 
cells, thrown off from the ends of the threads of myce- 
lium, either singly or in rows. They fall off readily, 
and the surfaces of the diseased plants, and of any body 
that is rubbed on them, becomes covered with the spores, 
like iron rust in colour and general appearance. They 
. are, accordingly, known as True Rusts or as Red Rusts. 
Puccinia includes a very large number of species, some 
of which (e.g., P. graminis and allies) are called Mildews 
The more 
common name for the species of Puccinia and of Phrag- 
midium is Brands; but, occasionally, they are styled 
Black Rusts. For an account of all these forms, see 
Phragmidium and Puccinia. 
White Rusts differ much from Uredinee, though by 
some they are associated with them, from the fact that 
they produce conidia, which break away from the myce- 
lium, and which are grouped in patches, much as in 
some forms of Uredinew. Like these also they cover 
bodies rubbed against them with a powdery coating of 
conidia ; but the latter are white, not rusty-red. The 
White Rusts belong to the genus Cystopus, and are 
nearly related to Peronospora (which see), There are 
few species in the genus; and only one, C. candidus, is 
really hurtful in gardens in this country. It grows on 
the leaves, stems, and flowers of many of the Cruciferae, 
causing distortions of these organs, and especially of 
the flowers, which become much swollen, and remain 
sterile. It may be found on Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, 
Horseradish, and many wild Crucifere, e.g., Shepherd’s 
Purse and Watercress. It is common in North America 
as well as in Europe. A microscopic examination of a 
section through one of the white spots, which are plen- 
tifully scattered over the diseased organs, shows a layer 
of mycelium, from which rise branches, each of which 
bears on its tip a beadlike row of conidia. These fall 
off one after the other. When they fall into water, the 
contents break up into five or six zoospores, like those 
in Peronospora. These bodies escape by a hole, which 
opens at one end of the conidium, and move about for 
a time in the water by means of two hairs or cilia, 
Afterwards, they settle down, and push out a mycelium- 
