336 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Rust—continued. 
tube, which, on any suitable part of a plant fitted for 
the nourishment of the Fungus, makes its way in through 
a stoma, and reproduces the parasite. This process 
goes on during the summer; but, in autumn, “resting- 
spores” are formed in the tissues of the host-plants, to 
pass the winter in a quiescent state, and to propagate 
the species next summer, when food can be again ob- 
tained. These resting-spores are very similar in mode 
of production, and in appearance, to those of Peronospora. 
On each of two threads. of mycelium, lying among the 
tissues of the host-plant, a branch is formed. One bears 
a nearly globular cell, the oogonium, the contents of 
which shrink a little, and lie loose in the cell, forming 
the oosphere. The other branch ends in a thickened cell, 
the antheridium, much smaller than the oogonium. It 
lies in contact with the latter, into which some of its 
contents pass through a narrow tube. The oosphere is 
thus fertilised, and becomes the oospore or resting-spore, 
distinguished by the possession of a thick, brown cell 
wall, which bears numerous warty ridges, and is well 
fitted to resist the cold of winter and other unfavourable 
influences. In spring, the contents of the resting-spore 
break up to form a large number of small cells, each 
capable of reproducing the Fungus in a suitable host- 
plant. These are set free by the bursting of the cell 
wall of the resting-spore. 
Remedies. The only remedy available is, as far as 
possible, to limit the muitiplication of the Fungus by 
the removal and burning of all plants, whether weeds 
or cultivated species, that show it, and by not sowing 
Orucifere on any piece of ground for a year or two after 
diseased crops have been removed from it. 
RUSTIC WORK. A term“applied to erections or 
ornaments made of rough or undressed timber and other 
similar materials as nearly as possible in their natural 
state. Undoubtedly, the best examples are those that 
show the least mark of the workman’s tools. The materials 
for Rustic Work are obtained from woods and forests, 
heaths and swamps, and vary in character and appearance, 
according to the locality in which they are found. As 
the unshapely block of stone or marble from the quarry 
becomes, in the hands of the sculptor or architect, a 
thing of beauty, so may the gnarled and knotted branch, 
and the decayed Pollard-tree, the slender Larch and the 
smooth Hazel, the Heather of the mountain and the 
moss of the fen, the Sedges and Reeds by the river- 
bank, and the exquisite cones of the Fir-tree, each and 
all, in the hands of one who has true taste, be manipn- 
lated into beautiful and useful adornments for our 
gardens. Much of thes material for the work may be 
found on most estates, and often amongst that which is 
either consigned to the fire or allowed to perish where 
it stands, Where alterations or improvements are being 
made in grounds, especially on estates which are being 
cut up for building purposes, it often happens that there ` 
are old Apple, Pear, and other trees very suitable for the 
work, which have to be removed; or a Thorn or a Yew- 
tree, &c., may be uprooted by the wind, or timber is 
being felled, and from these much material may be 
selected. 
Failing crooked and distorted branches and loppings, 
the thinnings from Oak and Larch plantations, and Hazel 
rods from the copse, can be used for the lighter portions 
of Rustic Work. Where old hedge-row “ Pollards” 
abound, they form excellent material for ferneries or 
alpine mounds. The rough bark from Oak, Chestnut, 
Larch, &c., is useful, and so are defective trunks, or 
branches of large trees, cut into short lengths or trans- 
verse sections for paving floors; these sections may be laid 
in patterns, but are more effective when they vary in 
diameter, giving less formal effect than when they are of 
equal size. An old Thorn hedge that has been for many 
years clipped by the shears, supplies excellent material 
Rustic Work—continued. 
for the smaller articles, such as vases, flower-stands, 
tables, and baskets; and the cones of Firs are. par- 
ticularly serviceable for the same purpose. In cases 
where no suitable timber can be felled, it often happens 
that a judicious thinning-out of branches may take place 
without the least detriment or disfigurement to the trees. 
Heather may be collected, bound in bundles, and closely 
stacked some time before using, as it then makes a closer 
thatch; the same remark applies to Reeds and Sedges. 
There are various mosses to be found on heaths, and in 
swamps, plantations, woods, &c., which should be carefully 
collected, and kept as straight as possible, to be used 
either for simply filling up chinks and crevices to exclude 
_ draughts, or as fillings in carpet-like patterns for the inside 
of summer-houses. In using mosses for this purpose, if 
above a seat or bench, the moss-work should be kept above 
the head-line of persons when seated. Below that line, 
a lining of split Hazel rods, with the bark side outwards, 
worked in diagonal, diamond, or other patterns, may be 
used, For moss-work of this description, as well as for the 
Hazel patterns, a comparatively smooth surface must be 
provided as foundation. Sometimes, this is done by making 
the back, sides, and ceiling of a summer-house, of ordinary 
carpenter’s framework and boarding, when the outside may 
be covered with coarse bark, or slabs with the bark pre- 
served, and the inside covered with moss, &c. The same 
object can be attained by sawing longitudinally through 
the trunks of moderate-sized trees, the bark adhering, and 
then setting them side by side vertically, to form the sur- 
face on which to work the moss pattern. The cones of the 
Stone and Cluster Pines are particularly useful for forming ~ 
cornices, caps, &c., to Rustic buildings, and the smaller 
cones of the Larch and Scotch Fir may be employed for 
festoons, and in forming the interior decorations. 
The disposition of Rustic Work, no less than its con- 
struction, requires an artistic eye and good taste. To 
speak in general terms, it should seldom come much 
“to the front”; that is to say, suitable positions for it 
will but seldom present themselves very near to the prin- 
cipal windows of a mansion—its place, for the most part, 
being in nooks and corners of shrubberies, plantation 
walks, the borders of woods, or in the wild garden. Let 
us imagine a situation, shut off from the more culti- 
vated grounds. Such a position might have a Rustic 
gate flanked by a Rustic screen, on which Crategus 
Pyracantha, or similar evergreens are trained; a broad, — 
gravelled path, on each side of which are Rustic arches, 
with here and there an arch thrown over the path, and 
covered with Roses, Honeysuckle, Jasmine, &c., forming 
a vista, at the end of which a Rustic summer-house, its 
porch or verandah covered with Clematis, could be 
placed. : On either side of the main walk, a breadth of 
turf, with a ribbon scroll of Ivy, so designed as to 
afford suitable positions for Rustic baskets or pyramids 
might be added, and the whole surrounded by a densely- 
planted, raised bank, for effectual shelter from cold 
winds. On the face of the bank, next the garden, logs 
and blocks may be interspersed, to afford receptacles 
for Ferns, alpine plants, or trailing shrubs. Such a 
garden might be formed in any existing mass of shrub- 
bery that is large enough for the purpose, and would be 
an interesting addition to many already fine gardens. 
With smaller gardens, and where the house has no par- 
ticular architectural features, a Rustic verandah, with 
roof of tiles or shingles, covered all over with Jasmine, 
Roses, Honeysuckle, &c., often gives a particularly cosy 
appearance. If in front of this there is room for a 
gravelled walk, a kind of terrace, and the ground lends 
itself to the formation of a grass slope, with a step or 
two down to the lawn or flower-garden, here is a pretext 
for a Rustic balustrade, with vases and Rustic steps, which 
will, at the same time, form a trellis for the smaller kinds 
of climbing plants. At some point, just out of sight of the 
