AN ENCYCLOPADIA .OF HORTICULTURE. 
337 
Rustic Work—continued. 
windows (and if commanding a view of some fine scenery, 
so much the better), the Rustic arbour or summer-house 
may be placed, having its seat and table. If backed by 
shrubs, it will have a more snug appearance, and if 
flanked or extended at the base by partially plunging a 
few rough logs in the ground, interspersing them with 
hardy, evergreen Ferris and spring flowers, the charm 
of the picture would be enhanced. Should a boundary 
fence anywhere cross the view, as in the division of 
the lawn from the park or paddock, it may be some- 
what masked by placing a line of Rustic arches 
across, and allowing the climbing plants upon them 
to assume a somewhat careless growth. For such 
a purpose, good, sound Larch poles are useful, as they 
will stand for several years. 
In places where there is a large expanse of lawn, with 
glades of turf and spreading trees, and masses of 
shrubbery, Rustic beds, formed like baskets, vases, and 
pyramids, are pretty objects, if placed with judg- 
ment, and are very effective if associated with Ivy or 
Ferns. 
_ Rustic buildings, when substantially constructed, are 
very appropriate, and, as a rule, harmonise better with 
the scenery than any of a more formal character, when 
used as boat-houses, rests and shelters in woods, game- - 
keepers’ huts, &c. Rustic Work is also well adapted 
_ to foot-bridges over small streams in gardens, parks, and 
woods. It is better, in order to make such structures 
more secure, to have a pair of iron girders concealed 
beneath the woodwork. The planks for the pathway 
should be of some durable wood without sap; otherwise, 
they may soon rot, and cause accidents. 
Any pits or hollows that occur in shrubberies or 
plantations, if overhung by shrubs or large trees, will 
often present a suitable site for a fernery; and where 
natural stone does not abound for making rockwork, 
an excellent effect may be obtained by the use of 
sufficiently massive logs. Any steps that may be required 
can be made from split sections of good-sized trees, 
placing them so that the split side forms the tread, and the 
bark side the riser. The “tods” of old Pollard-trees, and 
even sections of hollow trunks, when placed in suitable 
positions in woodland walks or drives, make good re- 
ceptacles for trailing plants, or the better kinds of hardy 
Ferns. In such walks, and also in parks, sections of rough 
timber (provided the top is smoothed and very slightly 
bevelled, so as to throw off the rain), when placed in twos 
and threes at the base of spreading trees, form agreeable 
resting-places. Care must be taken to have them of 
variable sizes, so as to avoid formality. 
. The Rustic chair, as a rule more picturesque than 
useful, should be sparingly used, or at least only where 
apparently needed, and not too near the mansion, or in 
highly-dressed grounds. 
RUTA (Rute was the old Greek name, probably from 
ruomai, to preserve; in allusion to the effects of the 
plant on health). , Herb of Grace; Rue. Including Hap- 
lophyllum (or Aplophyllum). Orv. Rutacee. A genus 
comprising about forty species of hardy or half-hardy, 
strong-smelling, gland-dotted, perennial herbs or sub- 
shrubs, broadly scattered over the Mediterranean region 
and Western and Central Asia. Flowers yellow or 
greenish, sometimes cymose; calyx short, four or five- 
lobed or parted, persistent; petals four or five, imbri- 
cated, often toothed or ciliated; torus thick; stamens 
eight to ten; corymbs or panicles terminal, many-flowered, 
leafy-bracted. Leaves alternate, simple, trifoliolate, pin- 
natisect or decompound. Few of the species are of any 
horticultural value; all that 
scribed below, and are hardy sub-shrubs, except where 
otherwise indicated. They are of easy culture in any 
light, rich soil. Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings. 
For culture, &c., of R. graveolens, see Rue. 
Vol. III. 
call for mention are de- 
Ruta—continued. 
R., albiflora (white-flowered). fi. white; petals entire, shorter 
than the stamens; branches of panicle bracteate. July to 
September. l. supra-decompound ; leaflets obovate, glaucous, 
ordate. 
— somewhat auricled, the terminal one large, o 
2ft. Nepaul. An elegant, half-hardy sub-shrub, clothed with 
landular pubescence. (H. E. F.79.) Banninghausenia albiflora 
is the correct name of this plant. 
R. angustifolia (narrow-leaved). A synonym of R. Chalepensis. 
R. bracteosa (bracteate). fl., petals ciliated. June to September. 
l. pinnate ; leaflets oblong, on short stalks; the terminal one 
largest, the lower ones cut into three to tive leaflets. A. 3ft. 
South Europe, &c., 1772. Syn. R. macrophylla. 
R. chalepensis (Aleppo). fl., petals ciliated; bracts small, 
ovate. June to September. l. supra-decompound, four times 
longer than broad; leaflets oblong-cuneate, almost equal, very 
glaucous. h. 2ft. Mediterranean region, 1722, SYN. R. angusti- 
Jolia (B. M. 2311). 
R. graveolens (strong-scented). Common Rue; Countryman’s 
Treacle ; Herb of Grace. fl., the first one opening having usually 
ten stamens, the rest only eight; petals entire, or a little 
toothed. June to September. l. supra-decompound ; leaflets 
oblong, the terminal one obovate. h. 3ft. South Europe, 1562. 
—— is a useful garden form, having foliage spotted with 
white. » 
R. macrophylla (large-leaved). A synonym of R. bracteosa. 
R. patavina (Paduan). A. yellow, with a n central rib, ina 
dense corymb; petals glabrous, oblong, obtuse, attenuated at 
base ; pedicels slender, scarcely as long as the flowers. June 
and July. J. glabrous; lower ones attenuated at base, oblong- 
spathulate; the rest trisected, with oblong or linear segments. 
Stem dwarf, simple, densely leafy. Orient, 1819. 
R. suaveolens (sweet-smelling). fi. yellow, corymbose, having 
the smell of those of Primula officinalis ; calyx a little fringed ; 
petals obovate. June to September. l. entire, 7 et lanceo- 
late, glaucous, smoothish. h. 2ft. Tauria, 1800. (B. M. 2254, 
under name of R. linifolia grandiflora.) 
RUTACEZ. A natural order of gland-dotted shrubs 
or trees, very rarely herbs, scattered over the temperate 
and warmer regions of the globe, occurring most copiously 
in South Africa and Australia. Flowers usually herm- 
aphrodite ; sepals four or five, imbricated, free or connate ; 
petals four or five, hypogynous or perigynous, broadly 
imbricated, rarely valvate; stamens inserted at the base 
or on the margins of the torus, four or five, or eight or 
ten, very rarely fewer or indefinite; style short or elon- 
gated, distinct or connate; inflorescence variable, very 
rarely spicate or umbellate, in most cases cymose and 
axillary. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a drupe. 
Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite, simple or often 
compound, one, three, or five-foliolate or pinnate, fre- 
quently entire, occasionally serrulated; petioles sometimes 
biglandular at base. Ruta graveolens (Rue), grown in 
most gardens, is remarkable for its strong smell and 
acrid taste. Citrus is the most celebrated genus, on 
account of its fruits (Orange, Lemon, Lime, &c.); a 
volatile oil, obtained by distillation of the flowers and 
epicarp, and dissolved in alcohol, produces, the well- 
known Eau de Cologne. The berries of some other 
genera from China and Japan are edible, as gle 
Marmelos, Cookia punctata, Glycosmis citrifolia, Tri- 
‘phasia trifoliata, &c. The order comprises about eighty- 
three genera and 650 species. Examples: Citrus, Correa, 
Crowea, Ruta. 
RUTILANS. Deep red, with a metallic lustre. 
RUYSCHIA (named in honour of Fred. Ruysch, Pro- 
fessor of Botany at Amsterdam; he died in 1731). SYN. 
Souroubea. ORD. Ternstrimiacee. A genus comprising 
about eight species of stove, epiphytal or climbing shrubs, 
rarely arborescent, natives of tropical America. Flowers 
in terminal, often elongated racemes, supported by sessile, 
trilobed bracts at the tips of the pedicels; sepals five, 
- closely imbricated ; petals five, imbricated, connate at 
base; stamens five; bracteoles two, sepaloid. Leaves 
entire, coriaceous. R. clusiafolia, the only species intro- 
duced, is an interesting under-shrub. It will thrive in 
a compost of vegetable mould and loam. Ripened cut- 
tings will root freely if inserted in sand, under a bell 
glass, in heat. 
2x 
