i 
; 
F 
AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 345 
Salix—continued. 
Insects. Several hundred species of insects are known 
to feed more or less upon Willows; but only a com- 
paratively small number are so hurtful as to require 
notice here. Some of the latter are chiefly or wholly 
associated with the Sallows allied to Salix Caprea. 
The trunks of Willows are very frequently tenanted 
by larvæ of Aromia moschata (see Musk Beetle) and 
of the Goat Moth (which see), and in some districts 
the twigs of Osiers suffer much from the burrows of 
larvee of the Clearwing Moths, Sesia formiceformis and 
S. bembeciformis (see Sesia). For the proper remedies 
against these insects, see the headings. quoted. : 
Certain species of Sawflies (e.g., Cryptocampus an- 
gustus, OC. pentandre, &c.), one or two Beetles (e.g., 
Saperda populnea), and some Gall-midges (e.g. Cecidomyia 
salicina), produce galls in the form of tapering swellings 
on the twigs of Osiers; while other species of Gall- 
midges (C. rosaria, &c.) cause the leaves at the tips of 
the twigs to become crowded into a stunted rosette. 
These gall-makers can best be reduced in- numbers by 
cutting off the twigs while the galls are still young, and 
the larve too immature to survive the withering of their 
food. 
The leaves are liable to be devoured by Cockchafers, 
by species of Rhynchites, and, worst of all, by the 
Willow-leaf Beetle (see Phratora vitellinz). For an 
account of these insects, see the above headings. In 
some parts of the Fen districts, Osiers have been very 
much destroyed by the last-named species, but Paris 
green is now used with success to limit its ravages. 
Some allied Beetles, of the group Chrysomelide, may 
occasionally injure Willows, but are not often sufficiently 
numerous to require special treatment. 
The larve of a few Butterflies, of many species of 
Moths, and of a good many Sawflies, feed, more or less 
exposed, on the leaves of Willows; but an enumeration 
of the species is not needed, since their general habits 
are much alike, and the same treatment is employed to 
. get clear of them, viz., to collect and destroy the 
creatures, whether by hand-picking, or by shaking the 
branches over sheets or other surfaces. 
The leaves of Willows are very liable to be thickly 
studded with Sawfly galls, some resembling a small 
bean in shape, imbedded in the leaf-blade singly or in 
paigs (the work of Nematus viminalis, also known as 
” gallarwm), or like peas in form, attached to the 
lower surface of the leaf by one side (galls of N. galli- 
cola, &c.). These galls often greatly disfigure the leaves, 
but do not seriously affect the health of the plants. 
The leaves, if necessary, should be removed, while the 
galls are young, and allowed to wither. The same method 
may be made use of against the smaller galls, such as 
the fleshy tubes of Cecidomyia marginem-torquens along 
the leaf-margins of S. viminalis, or the waxty galls of 
various Mites on the surfaces of the leaves, ially on 
Sallows allied to S. Caprea. 
The species described below are hardy trees, except 
where otherwise stated. 
S. acutifolia (acute-leaved). A synonym of S. daphnoides. 
S. alba (white).* White Willow. fl., catkins appearing with 
the leaves, slender, loose, erect, the scales linear. May. J. nar- 
rowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2in. to 4in. long, silky on both 
sides, glandular-serrate ; petioles eglandular. ‘Trunk 20ft. in 
girth ; bark fissured ; twigs silky. k. 80ft. Europe (Britain), &c. 
(Sy. En. B. 1309.) 
S. a, cærulea (blue). Z., old ones glabrous, glaucous beneath. 
Twigs olive. (Sy. En. B. 1310.) : 
S. a. vitellina (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Golden Willow. fl., scales 
of catkins longer than in the — l, old ones glabrous above. 
Twigs yellow or reddish. (Sy. En. B. 1311.) 
S. ambigua (ambiguous). A synonym of S. nigra. 
onica (Babylonian).* Weeping Willow. fl., catkins 
— long, —— Ag se very slender, shortly 
curved ; scales ovate-lanceolate. May. l. narrow-lanceolate, šin. 
to in, long, very long and rather obliquely acuminate, serrulated, 
Vol. IIL. 
Salix—continued. 
often glaucescent beneath; stipules semi-lunar or obtuse ; 
branches often very loosely and very long-pendulous. Buds very 
acute. h. S0ft. Levant, 1730. (B. F. F. 59.) SYN. S. pendula. 
S. b. annularis (ringed). This form is peculiar on account of 
the blade of the leaves being twisted back, so as to form a- 
kind of ring. 
Fig. 403. MALE CATKIN OF SALIX CAPREA. 
S. Caprea (Caprea).* Common Sallow; Goat Willow. fl., cat- 
kins silky, preceding the leaves; males lin. long, very stout; 
females lengthening to din. April and May. l. elliptic, oblong- 
ovate, or oblong - lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuspidate, 
2in. to 4in. long, dark green above, tomentose —— the 
e 
Fic. 404. FEMALE CATKIN OF SALIX CAPREA, 
margins narrowly recurved. Europe (Britain). A silvery tree 
or a shrub, the e oe of the British Willows. 
The twigs with catkins, gathered on Palm Sunday, are called 
Palm-branche-. See Figs. 403 and 404. (Sy. En. B. 1331.) * 
. cinerea (wax, male catkins less stout than in the 
or opening — — narrower, from elliptic-oblong 
to oblanceolate, undulated at the margins, pubescent above. 
Buds and twigs tomentose. S. aquatica and 8. oleifolia are 
mere forms of this sub-species. { 
S. C. pendula (drooping). Kilmarnock Weeping Willow. 
variety mana s i for the very decided pendulous character 
of its branches. r k 
S. daphnoides hne-like). Violet Willow. J., catkins stout, 
sessile, clothed Onn silky hairs, appearing before the leaves ; 
scales black-pointed. April. l. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceo 
late, very acuminate, 3in. to 6in. long, acutely serrated, with 
persistent, glaucous bloom, shining above. Twigs violet. h. 10ft. 
to 20ft. Europe (naturalised in England). (B: F. F. 62; F. D. 
2919.) Syn. S. acutifolia. 
S. falcata (sickle-shaped). A synonym of S. nigra falcata. 
; fragile). Crack Willow; Withy. Jl., catkins usually 
ag g, i 2y ring with the leaves; males lin. to 2in. 
long ; females p pag often longer. April and May. l. lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate, 3in. to 6in. long, glabrous, glandulari 
serrated, pale or glaucous beneath, the young ones hairy. Trun 
sometimes 20ft. — branches spreading obliquely ; * 
yellow-brown, very fragile at the junction, polished. A. 
2Y 
