356 
THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
SANDY PEAR. See Pyrus sinensis. 
SANGUINAIRE PLANT. A common name for 
Paronychia argentea. : 
SANGUINARIA (from sanguis, blood; the root- 
stock of the plant is surcharged with a reddish-orange, 
acrid juice). Blood-root; Red Puccoon.. ORD. Papa- 
veracee. A monotypic genus. ‘The species is a low, 
hardy, perennial herb, with a thick, prostrate rootstock. 
It proves useful for ornamenting the front of flower 
borders. A light, sandy loam or peat soil is suitable. 
Increased by division of the roots, or by seeds. 
S. canadensis (Canadian).* Common Bloodroot ; Bloodwort. 
fl. white, handsome; sepals two; petals eight to twelve, in 
two or three series, not crumpled; stamens numerous; scape 
naked, one-flowered. April and May. Zl. solitary, rounded, 
palmately veined. hk. 6in. North America, 1680. See Fig. 414. 
(B. M. 162.) 
SANGUINE, SANGUINEOUS. Dull red, pass- 
ing into brownish-black. 
‘SANGUISORBA. Included under Poterium. 
SANGUISORBACEZ. Included under Rosacea. 
SANHILARIA. A synonym of Stifftia (which see). | 
SANICLE, BEAR’S EAR. See Cortusa. 
SANSEVIELLA. A synonym of Reineckea (which 
see). 
SANSEVIERA (named after Raimond de Sansgrio, 
Prince of Sanseviero, 1710-1776). Bowstring Hemp. 
Syns. Acyntha, Salmia. Orv. Hemodoracee. Nine 
species are enumerated by Mr. Baker as belonging to 
this genus; they are stove, herbaceous perennials, with 
short, thick, sometimes stoloniferous rhizomes, natives 
of tropical and South Africa and the Kast Indies. 
Flowers mediocre or long, racemose; perianth tube 
sometimes very long, scarcely enlarged at apex, the 
lobes narrow, equal, and slightly spreading; stamens 
six; pedicels articulated at apex; scape simple, tall. 
Leaves rosulate, thick, cartilaginous, fibrous within, 
often elongated, nearly flat or terete. The four best- 
known’ species are described below. They are interest- 
ing plants, thriving in sandy loam. Propagation may 
be effected by suckers. When dormant, the plants 
should be sparingly watered. 
S. cylindrica (cylindrical). jl., perianth whitish, lin. to ljin. 
long, the segments equalling the very slender tube; anthers at 
length exserted ; raceme 2ft. to 24ft. long, 24in. to 3in. thick when 
expanded ; scape nearly lft. high, firm. August. J. arcuate, 
cylindrical, 3ft. to 4ft. —— thick, rigid, coriaceous. South 
tropical Africa, 1856. (B. M. £093.) j 
guineensis (Guinea). A. perianth whitish, tinged with 
greenish-brown, 2in. long, the segments equalling the tube; 
raceme siniple, 14ft. to 2ft. long, 3in. broad when expanded ; scape 
lft. to lft. high, glaucous, purplish-green, with three or four 
deltoid bracts. September. l. sub-erect, oblanceolate, cartila- 
ginous, 3ft. to 4ft. high, 24in. to 5in. broad above the middle, 
whitish or obscurely reddish on the margins, white-spotted, 
cuspidate. Guinea, 1690. (B. M. 1179.) S. glauca, S. laetevirens, 
and S. polyphylla, are mere forms Of this species. 
S. longiflora (long-flowered). fl., perianth greenish-white, 34in. 
to 4in, long, at length drooping, the segments one-third the length 
of the tube; raceme dense, lft. to 1}ft. long, 8in. to 9in. thick ; 
scape lft. or more — July. l. sub-erect, oblanceolate, lft. to 
2ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad, white-spotted, distinctly red-mar- 
gined, cartilaginous, but not thick. Tropical Western Africa, 
1824. (B. M. 2634.) 
zeylanica (Cingalese). fl., perianth greenish-white, 1łin. to 
lin. long, the segments equalling the tube; raceme lft. or more 
long, 2in. to 2hin. thick ; scape lft. or more high. September, 
l. falcate, 1ft. to 2ft. or more long, ensiform, sub-terete, Zin. to 
lin. broad at base, deeply channelled, obscure green with white 
— the margins scarious and distinctly red-lined. East 
Indies, 1731. (B. R. 160.) S. ensifolia, S. grandicuspis, S. pumila, 
and S. stenophylla, are mere garden forms of this species. 
SANTALACEZS. A natural order of trees, shrubs, 
or dwarf herbs, a few of which are parasitic on trees 
or roots; they are broadly dispersed over tropical and 
temperate regions. Flowers greenish, yellowish - green, 
or rarely orange, usually small, but in a few instances 
conspicuous, hermaphrodite or dicecious, or rarely 
moneecious by abortion, regular; perianth simple, green 
Santalacez—continued 
‘or corolla-like, sometimes slightly fleshy, adnate to the 
disk or to the base of the ovary, four, five, or rarely 
three or six-lobed, valvate or rarely loosely imbricated ; 
stamens (except in Grubbia) as many as the perianth 
lobes; filaments filiform or rather broad, sometimes very — 
short; style cylindrical, conical or shortened; bracteoles 
usually two; inflorescence variable. Fruit indehiscent, 
nut-like or often drupaceous. Leaves alternate or oppo- 
site, entire, sometimes scale-like; stipules none. The 
order comprises twenty-eight genera, and nearly 220 
species. Illustrative genera are: Evxocarpus, Grubbia, 
Santalum and Thesium. 
SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal, which, in 
turn, is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name 
of the tree). Syn. Sirium. ORD. Santalacee. A genus 
embracing about eight species of stove, evergreen, 
glabrous trees or shrubs, closely related, natives of the 
East ‘Indies, the Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and 
the Pacific Islands. Flowers often larger than in allied 
genera, in small, axillary or terminal, 
panicles, usually shorter than the leaves, and sometimes 
almost reduced to simple racemes; perianth tube cam- 
panulate or obovate, the lobes four, or rarely five, with 
a tuft of hairs inside behind each stamen. Leaves op- 
posite or rarely alternate, petiolate, entire, coriaceous or 
slightly fleshy, penniveined, but the midrib only con- 
spicuous. Two of the species have been introduced, one 
of which (S. albwm) yields the Sandal Wood of India. 
The cultivation of this plant in gardens is not easy. It 
is supposed to be more or less parasitical on the roots. of 
other plants which grow near it. In India it is exten- 
sively grown, but it thrives only under peculiar con- 
ditions. Some authorities deny that it is at all parasitical. 
At Kew, young plants of S. album are inserted in very 
sandy loam, and grown in a stove temperature. The 
other introduced species will thrive under similar con- 
ditions. 
S. album (white). f. reddish within, campanulate, four-fid; 
_ pedicels nearly equalling the perianth tube; panicles terminal 
and lateral, many-flowered. May. J. ovate-elliptic, acute at 
base, acute or rarely obtuse at apex, lin. to 2sin. long, some- 
times varying on the same branch from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
ale beneath, membranous. h. 15ft. East Indies, 1804. Tree. 
he wood is white or citron-coloured and sweet-scented when 
dry, and it is much esteemed in India as aperfume. (B. M. 3235.) 
S. a. myrtifolium (Myrtle-leaved), Z. narrower and e 
beneath than in the ao or small tree. ' — 
S. obtusifolium (obtuse-leaved). jl. red, few, in small, shortly 
porunca, axillary racemes or cymes, the short pedicels or 
ateral branches rarely bearing two or three flowers. June. 
l. opposite, or the —— ones rarely alternate, linear-oblong, 
lanceolate, or broadly oblong, obtuse, lin. to 2in. long, rather 
thick, the margins often revolute when drying. h. 6ft. Australia, 
1823. A slender shrub, of livid aspect. 
SANTOLINA (probably from Santonica, an old 
name given by Pliny to a kind of Wormwood, found 
among the Santones, a Gallic tribe). Lavender Cotton. 
ORD. Composite. A genus consisting of about eight 
species of sweet-smelling, mostly hardy sub - shrubs, 
inhabiting the Mediterranean regions. Flower-heads 
yellow (or whitish ?), mediocre or small, long-pedunculate ; 
involucre ovoid, sub-globose,*or scarcely hemispherical ; 
the bracts many-seriate, appressedly imbricated; receptacle 
slightly convex ; florets regular; achenes glabrous, three, 
four, or rarely five-jointed. Leaves alternate, pectinate, 
or clustered and pinnatisect. A selection from the species 
- introduced is given below. S. Chamecyparissus has long 
been known in gardens. For culture, see Achillea. 
S. Chamezcyparissus (Chamecyparis-like), Common Lavender 
Cotton, fl.-heads resembling those of a Chamomile divested of 
its white rays, solitary at the ends of the wiry twigs. July. 
l. small, linear, thickly set on the twigs, furnished with four to 
six rows of short, obtuse teeth, and, as well as the stems, 
— with hoary pubescence. h. 1ft. to 2ft. South E 
C. incana (hoary).* A pretty, dwarf- i lant, useful for 
divisional lines or edging; its sendoe twa HES growths and 
knotty leaves are densely covered with silvery tomentum 
. 
trichotomous - 
urope, - 
