sad 
. 858 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Sap—continued. 
crude Sap through the wood below the ring, which has 
been left uninjured. This process of ringing does not 
succeed in a Monocotyledon, or in a Dicotyledon with 
fibro-vascular bundles scattered among cellular pith, and 
in which the downward flow of Sap consequently remains 
unchecked, such as the species of Pepper (Piper). The 
causes of the upward flow of crude Sap are chiefly two, 
viz.: (1) in early spring, when growth begins, the absorp- 
tion of fluid by root-hairs, probably due to chemical 
changes in the cell contents; and (2) afterwards, the free 
evaporation from the leaves, drawing fresh Sap upwards 
to supply what has been lost. Other forces also assist 
in a lesser degree; but to these reference need not now 
be made. ; 
SAPERDA. A genus of Beetles, belonging to those 
that possess long antennae, and a long, rather narrow 
body. The genus is recognised by the following group of 
peculiarities: The wing-cases reach to the hinder end of 
the body, which is cylindrical; the thorax has not a spine 
on either side; the antennz have eleven joints; and the 
tasters have a long, sharp end-piece. The beetles vary 
- from about }in. to 1iin. in length, and are mostly black, 
or nearly so. A good many British species have been 
described; but the most hurtful are those which attack 
Poplars, Aspens, and Willows. The larve feed in the 
wood of the branches, and sometimes cause distortions and 
swellings of the latter. The only treatment applicable 
is to cut off and destroy the branches swollen and 
tenanted by the insects. Fig. 415 (page 357) shows 
S. populnea (which is one of the most destructive 
species), and the injury inflicted by it on Poplars. 
SAPINDACEZ. A natural order of trees, shrubs, 
or under-shrubs, rarely herbs, dispersed over the whole 
globe, but most numerous in tropical regions. Flowers 
usually polygamo-dicecious, variously coloured and dis- 
posed, generally small for the size of the plant, in- 
odorous ; sepals four or five, very rarely more or none, 
free or more or less connate, often unequal, imbricated ; 
petals wanting or three to five, rarely more, the dorsal 
one often wanting, often scaly or bearded within, 
imbricated; disk variable, complete or incomplete, 
sometimes unilateral, very rarely deficient; stamens 
usually eight, rarely five or ten (very rarely two, four, 
twelve, or indefinite), usually hypogynous and inserted 
within the disk, rarely on its head or around the base; 
filaments usually elongated. Fruit capsular or inde- 
hiscent, drupaceous, baccate, or coriaceous, entire or 
lobed, rarely composed of two or three samaras. Leaves 
often evergreen, alternate, exstipulate or rarely stipulate, 
compound, abruptly pinnate; leaflets variable, in a few 
cases pellucid-dotted ; petioles sometimes winged. Several 
of the species produce edible fruits, and others furnish 
valuable timber. The order comprises from 600 to 700 
species, which are classified, by Bentham and Hooker, in 
genera and sub-orders as follows: Acerinew, 3 genera; - 
Dodonee, 6; Melianthee, 3; Sapindee, 59; Staphylee, 
3—showing a total of seventy-four genera. Examples: 
Acer, Dodonea, Melianthus, Sapindus, and Staphylea. 
SAPINDUS (name altered from Sapo-indicus, Indian 
Soap; the aril which surrounds the seeds of S. Saponaria 
is used as soap in America). ORD. Sapindacew. A genus 
consisting of some forty species of tropical, sometimes 
slightly climbing trees and shrubs. Flowers regular, in 
terminal or axillary racemes or panicles; sepals and petals 
four or five; stamens eight to ten. Leaves alternate, 
exstipulate, simple and one-foliate or abruptly pinnate ; 
leaflets entire or very rarely serrated. The species are of 
botanical and economic interest only. The hard, round, 
black seeds of some members of the genus are used for 
making rosaries, necklaces, bracelets, &e. One or two 
of the species have edible outer coverings to the fruits, 
but the seeds are poisonous. 
SAPIUM (an old Latin name, originally given by 
Pliny to a resinous Pine; alluding to the unctuous | 
exudation from the wounded trunk). Syns. Carum- 
bium, Stillingfleetia, Triadica. ORD. Euphorbiacee. A 
genus comprising about twenty-five species of stove, 
evergreen, often glabrous trees or shrubs, broadly dis- 
persed over the warmer regions of the globe. Flowers 
(2 always) moncecious, apetalous, the males often three 
to a bract, the females many at the base of the spikes; 
spikes or racemes terminal, solitary, or in one species 
several, paniculate. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, 
or rarely toothed, penniveined ; petioles often biglandular 
at apex. <A few of the species have been introduced, 
but they are now probably lost to cultivation. 
SAPODILLA OR SAPOTILLA PLUM. See 
Sapota Achras. 
SAPONARIA (from sapo, soap; the leaves of 
| S. officinalis form a lather, which much resembles that 
of soap, and is similarly efficacious in removing grease- 
spots, &c.) Fullers Herb; Soapwort. Including Vac- 
caria. ORD. Caryophyllee. A genus comprising about 
| thirty species of hardy or half-hardy herbs, sometimes 
annual and with the habit of Gypsophila, . sometimes 
biennial or perennial and resembling the species of 
Silene; they are natives of Europe (mostly Southern), 
the Mediterranean region, and extra-tropical Asia. Calyx 
ovoid or, oblong-tubular, five-toothed, obscurely nerved ; 
petals five, with a narrow claw, and an entire or emar- 
ginate blade,’ scaly or naked at base; stamens ten. 
Radical leaves spathulate; cauline ones narrower. The 
species described below are very ornamental. 8S. ocy- 
moides is particularly well adapted for decorating rock- 
work. S. cespitosa and S. lutea thrive in a compost of 
sand, loam, and peat, with good drainage in the pots. 
All are readily propagated by seeds, or by division. 
The hardy annual and biennial kinds simply require 
to be sown in the open border. 
S. cæspitosa (tufted). fl. rose-coloured, somewhat umbellate 
calyx profoundly lobed; petals emarginate at the apex, with 
bifid appendages in the throat. July and August. J. linear, 
glabrous, almost all radical, scarcely toothed. h. Sin. to bin. 
‘Ryrenees, 1824. Half-hardy perennial. (G. C. n. s., xv. 501; 
R. G. 815.) Syn. S. elegans. — 
ranched. fh, 6in. to 12in. 
(Œ G. Tb 8; Bok. G ii 
S. elegans (elegant). A synonym of S. cwspitosa. * 
S. glutinosa (glutinous). M. blood-coloured, panicled, in corym- 
bose bundles; calyx long, terete; petals minute, bidentate at 
apex, crowned with scales in the throat. June and July. 
l. ovate, three-nerved. Stem erect, branched. h. 14ft. Eastern 
Europe, &c., 1817. Hardy biennial. (B. M. 2855.) - 
S. lutea (yellow). fl. capitate, involucrate; calyx woolly, with 
short lobes; petals yellow, obovate, entire; stamens violaceous. 
June to August. Z. linear, ciliated at the base, almost all radical. 
h. 3in. to 6in. Alps, 1804. _Half-hardy perennial. 
S. ocymoides (Basil-like).* Rock Soapwort. fi. red or pink, 
in panicled bundles; calyx purple, cylindrical, villous. May to. 
August. l. ovate-lanceolate, generally one-nerved. Stems dicho- 
tomous. Switzerland, Italy, &c., 1768. An elegant, hardy, peren- 
nial trailer, well suited for the ornamentation of rockwork. 
(B. M. 154; J. F. A. 23.) ME e oe — 
S. officinalis (officinal).* Bouncing Bet ; Common ae 
jl. lilac or white, lin. in diameter; petals obcordate ; cy: 
— corymbs. August and September. on 
in. to 4in. long, three-ribbed. Stem straight, ascending, lft. to 
sft. high. Europe (apparently naturalised in Britain), temperate 
Asia. Hardy perennial, with a white, fleshy, creeping root- 
stock. (F. D. 543; — B. 197.) S. hybrida is a variety with 
a gamopetalous corolla and connate upper leaves. =u, 
S. Vaccaria (Cow-herb). jl. red, paniculate; calyx pyramidal, 
smooth, five-angled; bracts membranous, acute. July and 
August. l. ovate-lanceolate, sessile. A. lit. to 2ft. Central 
Europe, 1596. Annual. (B. M. 2290.) : 
SAPOTA (the native name). Syn. Achras. ORD. 
Sapotacee. A monotypic genus. The species is a very 
large, stove, evergreen tree, with milky juice. It thrives 
in rich, loamy soil, and may be increased b¥cuttings. 
l. oblong-lanceola 
