AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 379 
Scale Insects—continued. 
plants, to which they are often very destructive. Some 
broods consist wholly of females, and others of both 
sexes. Their rate of increase is much below that of 
the Aphides, there being, in most of the species, only 
one brood in the year, 
The number of species already recorded as injurious to 
cultivated plants, especially in the warm zones, is too 
large to permit of more than a brief mention here of some 
of the more important kinds. They have been divided, 
by means of comparatively minute characters, into 
numerous genera; some of the species live upon several 
kinds of plants, and, on the other hand, many plants 
support various kinds of these insects. The latter are 
so much alike as to render it vain to attempt here to 
state clearly the differences between the species, as 
these are found in minute structural characters ; nor, 
indeed, is this necessary, since the same remedies are 
serviceable against all of them, and are most successful 
when directed against the larve. In Great Britain, Scale 
Insects are far more numerous, and are usually more 
injurious, in glass houses than in tho open air. But 
among the “outdoor” kinds the following must be 
_ noted: 1. Apple Mussel Scale, or Oyster-shell Bark 
Louse (Aspidiotus conchiformis or Mytilaspis pomorum), 
like single valves of very small mussel-shells adherent 
to the branches of Apple-trees; they occur on both 
_ sides of the Atlantic. 2. Pear Oyster Scale (Diaspis 
_ ostrewformis) very like the Apple Mussel Scale but of 
` smaller size. 3. Rose Scale (D. Rose), like a white, 
scurfy coat on twigs and stems of Roses, especially of 
cultivated kinds, 4. Camellia Scale (Aspidiotus Camellie), 
on buds and bracts of Camellias. 5. Spindle-tree Scale 
Chionaspis Euonymi), so abundant on Euonymus japo- 
micus, near Montpellier, in France, as to threaten the 
existence of the shrub. Several species are found in 
‘Britain in greenhouses, where they frequently do very 
great harm. Among the more hurtful are: Aspidiotus 
Nerii, on Acacias, Lemons, Oleanders, &c.; A. palmarum, 
on Palms and Cycads; Lecanium Hesperidum (see Fig. 
441), on Orange leaves, or on other food- plants (e.g., 
Myrtaceæ); and Dactylopius adonidum, on most green- 
- house plants. 
` Many others have been described as very hurtful, 
especially by Professor Comstock in his “Report on 
Seale Insects”; and probably a number of these will 
be found in English greenhouses, e.g., Dactylopius longi- 
filis, on Ferns and Euphorbiacee ; D. destructor, on 
Coffee, Oranges, and, in fact, almost every greenhouse 
plant; Ceroplastes floridensis, on Oranges, &c.; but for 
a full account of these the reader is referred to the 
- above-mentioned work. 
A Remedies are two-fold, viz., natural and artificial. The 
= best natural remedy is to encourage the multiplication 
of certain minute insects belonging to the great divi- 
- sion Hymenoptera, which are parasitic in the Scale 
Insects, and destroy large numbers of them. It has 
been found useful to carry branches bearing Scale 
Insects infested with parasites to localities where the 
parasites did not previously exist, inasmuch as they soon 
multiply, and produce a marked effect on the number of 
Scale Insects. 
Artificial remedies are numerous. Among the most 
useful are the following: Soap solution (łlb. of soap in 
one gallon of water) or kerosene solution (about one gill 
in five gallons of water), syringed or sprayed over the 
plants every second day; phenyle, in a strength of from 
three to six teaspoonfuls to four gallons of water, applied 
at intervals of eight days; alkaline washes, such as concen- 
~ trated lye of wood-ashes or of coarse potash, which, used 
with a brush, frees the branches from the insects; strong 
solution of tobacco; and animal oils, e.g., whale oil. The 
last-named suffocate the insects by closing the breathing 
_ pores along the sides of their body. 
SCALE OR SCALY FERN. See Asplenium 
Ceterach. 
SCALES. A term applied to close-pressed, small, 
rudimentary leaves, resembling minute scales, or to any 
thin, scarious bodies. 
SCALIA. A synonym of Podolepis (which see). 
SCALLION. A common name for Allium ascalonicum 
majus. The term is also generally applied to all Onions 
that do not bulb, but form long necks like Leeks. 
SCALPELLIFORM. Resembling the blade of a 
penknife, but placed vertically on a branch. 
SCAMMONY-PLANT. See Convolvulus Scam- 
monia. 
SCANDENT. Climbing. 
SCAPE. A long, naked or nearly naked peduncle, 
rising from the crown of a root. 
SCAPHYGLOTTIS (from skaphe, a boat, and 
glotta, a tongue; in allusion to the hollowed labellum). 
Boat-lip Orchid. Syn. Cladobium. Orp. Orchidee. A 
small genus (about eight species) of stove, epiphytal, 
branched orchids, natives of tropical America. Flowers 
small, twin or few in a fascicle ; lateral sepals prolonged 
at the base, and often connate with the foot of the rather 
long, erect column; petals similar but smaller; lip 
narrow, continuous with the column, but turned up. so 
as to be parallel with it; pollen masses four, cohering 
in pairs. Leaves narrow, sometimes linear, coriaceous. 
Stems slender, straggling. Pseudo-bulbs borne in the 
axils of the leaves. Only two of the species are known 
to gardeners. These require similar culture to Cattleya 
(which see). 
S. stellata (star-like). This species only differs from S. violacea 
in having larger flowers, with more spreading segments, and 
the lateral lobes of the lip as large as the middle one. Deme- 
rara. : 
S. violacea (violet). ^f. violet, minute, borne on very short 
peduncles ; lateral sepals — oblique, twice as broad as 
the upper one ; lip white, fleshy, channelled. J. 2in. to 3in. long, 
linear or linear-lanceolate, emarginate. Stems terete, striated, 
articulated. Demerara. (B. M. 4071; B. R. 1901.) 
SCAPIFORM, SCAPOSE. Resembling a scape. 
SCAPIGEROUS. Scape-bearing. 
SCAR. The mark left on a stem by the separation 
of a leaf; or on a seed, &c., by its detachment. 
SCARCE UMBER MOTH. See Hybernia. 
SCARIOLE. An old name for Endive (Cichorium 
. Endivia). 
SCARIOUS, SCARIOSE. Thin, dry, shrivelled, 
membranous; e.g., the involucral leaves of many species 
of Centaurea. 
SCARLET RUNNER. See Beans and Phaseolus 
vulgaris multiflorus. 
SCARLET STRAWBERRY. See Fragaria 
SCATTERED. Not regularly disposed; i.e., not 
whorled, opposite, or ternate, &c. : 
-SCELOCHILUS (from skelos, a leg, and cheilos, a 
lip; in reference to the shape of the divided labellum). 
ORD. Orchidee. A small genus (three or four species) 
of stove, epiphytal orchids, natives of the Andes of South 
America. Flowers mediocre, few in a raceme, pedicellate ; 
sepals erect, connivent, the posterior one concave, the 
lateral ones connate, produced in a sac or spur; petals 
rather broader than the posterior sepal; lip continuous 
with the base of the column, long-clawed, erect; column 
erect, semi-terete ; pollen masses two, sub-globose ; bracts 
narrow ; scapes at the base of the pseudo-bulbs, erect, 
simple or slightly branched. Leaf coriaceous, not i 
Stem at length more or less thickened into a narrow 
