AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 
531 
Symphyandra— continued. 
of hardy, perennial herbs, natives of the Orient, dis- 
tinguished from Campanula in having connate anthers. 
Flowers white, yellow (or blue), often nodding, rather 
large, racemose or loosely paniculate, five-parted; in- 
florescence centrifugal. Leaves broad, often cordate, 
toothed; radical ones on long petioles; cauline ones 
alternate, few or small. Three species have been intro- 
duced. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage, 
suits these plants. They are propagated by division of 
the roots, or by young cuttings, in spring’; also by seeds. 
S. Armena (Armena). j. blue, terminal, solitary, erect; calyx 
hoary, with triangular segments ; corolla tubular, velvety. June. 
l. ovate, acute, deeply serrated, velvety-hoary. h. 2ft. 1836. 
S. pendula (pendulous). fi. cream-colour, paniculate ; calyx lobes 
lanceolate; corolla funnel-shaped, velvety. July. ovate, 
acute, crenate-toothed, velvety. Stem branched, pendulous, 
somewhat woody, pilose. h. 2ft. 1823. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii. 66.) 
S. Wanneri (Wanner’s).* fi. blue ; calyx lobes acuminate, one-half 
shorter than the tubular-campanulate corolla; peduncles one- 
flowered, axillary and terminal. Summer. J, lanceolate, un- 
equally toothed, villous-pubescent, the lower ones petiolate. 
Stems erect, 6in. high, terete, striated, pubescent. Alps. SYN. 
Campanula Wanneri. : 
SYMPHYOGLOSSUM. A synonym of Cynan- 
chum (which see). 
SYMPHYOSTEMON (from symphyo, to unite, and 
stemon, a stamen ; the filaments are connate at base, in 
a cylindrical tube). Syns. Psithyrisma, Susarium. ORD. 
Iridex. A small genus (two or three species) of green- 
house or half-hardy plants, with fibrous roots, natives 
of extra-tropical South America or the 
Andes. Flowers several in a spathe, 
pedicellate ; perianth yellow, whitish, or 
purple-striped, the tube rather long, 
funnel-shaped, the lobes sub-equal and 
erecto-patent; stamens affixed to the 
throat; scape sometimes very short, 
sometimes very tall and leafless, or with 
one floral leaf. Leaves radical, linear, 
clustered. S. mnarcissoides, the only 
Species introduced, thrives in a compost 
of sandy loam and leaf mould. Propa- 
gation may be effected by seeds, or by 
offsets, in spring. 
S. narcissoides (Narcissus-like). fi dirty- 
white, veined with .brownish-purple, very 
fragrant, nodding, on short stalks, funnel- 
shaped ; spathe consisting of bracts, mem- 
branous at the margin, of which the lower- 
most is sharper than the others. June. 4 
very narrow, glaucous, subulate at apex. 
Stem lft. to lift. high. South coasts of 
South America, 1828. SYN. Sisyrinchium 
odoratissimum (B. R. 1283). 
SYMPHYOSTEMONOUS. With 
united stamens. 
SYMPHYSIS. A term signifying a growing together. 
SYMPHYTUM (the old Greek name used by Dios- 
corides, and derived from symphuo, I make to grow 
together; from its supposed power of healing wounds). 
Comfrey. ORD. Boraginee. A genus comprising about 
Seventeen species of hardy, erect, sometimes tuberous 
herbs, natives of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. 
Flowers yellowish, blue, or purplish, pedicellate, cymose 
or racemose ; calyx five-cleft or five-parted, the segments 
linear ; corolla broadly tubular, enlarged above, with five 
Scales in the throat ; lobes five, very short, erect and tooth- 
ke or scarcely spreading; stamens five, affixed to the 
middle of the tube. Nutlets four, ovoid, smooth. Leaves 
alternate or mostly radical; cauline ones sometimes de- 
current; uppermost ones sometimes closely approximate 
a nearly opposite. S. officinale is a well-known plant 
which has become rather widely naturalised along our 
‘Water-courses; it has much the taste and properties of 
Borage. The species described below are showy subjects, 
Symphytum—continued. 
thriving in almost any soil or situation. They succeed 
under the shade of trees, and flower throughout the 
principal part of the summer. Propagation may be 
effected by divisions. 
asperrimum (very rough). Prickly Comfrey; Trottles, f. 
bluish-purple ; corolla campanulate, four times as long as the 
calyx. l ovate-lanceolate,- very acute at both ends, scabrid; 
lower ones petiolate; uppermost ones sub - sessile. Stem 
branched, strigosely bristly. A. 4ft. Caucasus, 1799. See Fig. 657. 
bias variety aureo-varieqatum has the leaves bordered with 
yellow. 
S. bohemicum (Bohemian). A synonym of S. oficinale bohe- 
| micum. 
S. caucasicum (Caucasian).* /l. blue; corolla sometimes thrice 
as long as the obtusely five-toothed calyx, the limb campanu- 
late. /. ovate-lanceolate, hairy ; lower ones attenuated into long 
petioles ; upper ones nearly opposite, shortly decurrent at the 
sides of the stem. h. 3ft. Caucasus, 1820. (B. M. 3188.) 
S. Donii (Don’s). f. blue; calyx lobes subulate, scabrid ; corolla 
tube equalling the calyx, the limb campanulate, with linear, 
obtuse appendages. 1. scabrid; lower ones ovate-lanceolate, 
attenuated into the petioles; upper ones lanceolate, narrow, 
decurrent at the sides of the stem. A. 2ft. (S. B. F. G. ser, ii. 
294, under name of S. caucasicum.) 
| S. officinale (officinal), Alum; Black Root; Common Com- 
frey; Knitback, &c. fl. creamy-yellow, drooping, in scorpioid 
cymes ; calyx lobes narrow-lanceolate ; corolla jin. long. l ovate- 
lanceolate; radical ones 4in. to 8in. long, on long, winged pe- 
tioles; cauline ones shortly petiolate. Stem lft. to 3ft. high, 
branched. Europe (Britain), &c. (Sy. En, B. 1115.) 
S. o. bohemicum (Bohemian).* /. red or bag eset do oo ra- 
cemes twin, erect, revolute at apex. l. running into the petioles. 
Bohemia, 1810. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii. 304.) Syn. S. bohemicum., 
Fig. 558. SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE LUTEO-MARGINATUM, 
e eo-marginatum (yellow- ined). A variety having 
Mie ives margined with yellow. "1870, See Fig. 558. SYN. S. 
o. variegatum, 
S. o. patens (spreading). A purple-flowered form. (Sy. En. B. 
1116.) 
S. o. variegatum (variegated). A synonym of S. o. luteo-mar- 
| ginatum. : ROA 
Oriental . whitish; corolla twice as long 
pay rece med fecal hand above, with cor moan 
tenuated appendages. J. oblong-ovate, acute, narrowed at base; 
lower ones alternate, petiolate, sub - cordate j ag OO og 
nearly opposite, sessile. Stem branched. A. 3ft. Orient, $ 
Plant clustered, pubescent. 
S. o. angustior (narrowed). l. oblong- or oval-lanceolate, undu- 
lated. (B. M. 1912, under name of S. orientale.) m De 
regrinum (foreign). fl. reddish and purplish; calyx - 
gt ee nearly a the base, the segments acuminate; corolla 
three or four times longer than the calyx, me 
the middle, shortly five-cleft. l, lower ones = ey ne 
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate; upper ones Sess m tall 
branched. Iberia, &c., 1816. See Fig. 559. (B. M Bagr This 
species is largely cultivated as a fodder plant, une A erro- 
neous name of 5. asperrimum. By some authors it 5 
as a hybrid between S. asperrimum and S. officinale. 
