16 
Tenthredinide—continued. 
family, viz., the existence in the female of an organ, 
very like a minute double saw, at the hinder end of 
the body. The saw is a modified ovipositor, and is made 
up of two blades, each of which consists of a support 
along the back, and of the cutting portion, or saws 
strictly so called, secured to it along one side. The 
two saws are quite like one another. In each the edge 
is toothed, and has cross-bars, which are often furnished 
with minute teeth, and thus it combines the action of 
a saw with that of a file. The toothing and bars of the 
saws differ in the various species of Sawflies. They are 
protected, when not in use, in a two-jointed sheath. 
Sawflies, for the most part, have moderately broad bodies, 
with the abdomen united to the thorax by its full 
width; differing in this from most Hymenoptera, which 
have the abdomen fixed to the thorax by a slender stalk. 
The head is always broader than long, but is not broader 
Fie. 12, ERIOCAMPA LIMACINA— le, Lanceolate Cell in the Front 
Wings; a, Line showing the actual spread of Wings. 
than the thorax. Eriocampa limacina (see Fig. 12) re- 
presents the majority of the group in form and general 
appearance. The body is usually smooth, sometimes hairy, 
and seldom marked with punctures. The colour is 
generally black or some dark shade, often with a metallic 
lustre; sometimes, it is coppery-green, blue, pure green, 
yellow, or red. The legs are often rusty-red, even when 
the body is some other colour; they are of fair size in 
proportion to the body, and have all their parts well de- 
veloped. Each bears two sharp spurs near the tip of the 
tibia. The wings are of much the same structure as in 
other Hymenoptera; but the venation is characteristic in 
so far that one of the cells near the hind margin of each 
front wing, known as the “lanceolate cell” (Ic, Fig. 12) 
is found in no other Hymenoptera, Generally, the wings 
are transparent, and more or less iridescent. The parts 
of the mouth are fitted for cutting vegetable structures. 
Fie. 13. LARVÆ OF ROSELEAF SAWFLY. 
_ sexes, due to slight modifications of the limb 
and the organs of the head. OREN, 
- Sawflies abound from May till the end of July; and 
of some species a second brood appears in autumn. The 
mature insects are of sluggish habits, and, in dull weather 
sit on the herbage, without change of position, for Sonra 
at a time. A few species are comparatively active, espe- 
THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
There is usually a little difference in aspect between the - 
` leaf-miners, and others burrow into fruits. 
Tenthredinidæ—continued. 
cially in bright weather. Sawflies frequent flowers, both 
to obtain honey or pollen, and to feed on the minute 
insects that are there found. They are partial to shallow, 
open flowers, e.g., Buttercups and Umbellifere. The 
larve live on plants. The eggs are laid on leaves, 
frequently along the lower surface of the veins, or on 
twigs. In either case, the mother makes a slit for each 
egg with her saws. Many ‘awflies have been found to be 
parthenogenetic, the females producing fertile eggs 
without the aid of the males, which, indeed, in some 
species are still unknown. 
The habits of the larve vary greatly. Most of them 
feed exposed on the surface or edge of a leaf, some species 
Fic. 14. SLUGWORM, THE LARVA OF ERIOCAMPA LIMACINA. 
in groups, others singly (see Figs. 13 and 14). Some 
Lyda) spin silken webs, in which many live, each larva 
in its own tube, sheltered in the common web. A few 
live in leaves rolled or folded by themselves to afford 
them protection. Others bore into twigs. Some are 
A consider- 
able number of species make galls in stems or leaves ; 
many of the gall-makers abound on Willows. The forms 
of the larve vary with their modes of life ;. but by far 
the most species have a cylindrical body. A very 
common position, when at rest or feeding, is to have 
the front half of the body straight, and the hinder seg- 
ments rolled spirally inwards (see Fig. 13). In general 
appearance, the larve closely resemble those of many 
Night Moths, or Noctue, having, like these, three pairs 
of true legs, and several pairs of prolegs; but they 
differ in the number of the latter, often having from six 
to eight pairs, instead of five pairs, as in Noctue, and 
the fifth segment always bears prolegs 
(if any exist) in Sawfly larve, but never 
in the larve of the Noctue. Sawfly 
larvæ are protected by their incon- 
spicuous form and colotir, or by drop- 
ping to the ground, if danger threatens, 
or by disagreeable excretions on the 
surface of the body. Some, e.g., Slug- 
worms (see Fig. 14), excrete slimy sub- 
stances, others bear a flaky coating, &c. 
Brightly-coloured kinds are mostly pro- 
tected by disagreeable excretions. Most 
of them pupate in silken or earthen 
cocoons, under soil, in crevices, or mm 
other sheltered places. ; 
The more injurious species of Sawflies, 
and the remedies most effectual against 
each, will be found discussed at greater 
length under the following heads : Goose- 
berry and Currant Sawfly, Lophyrus, Lyda, Nema- 
tus, Pine Sawflies, Slugworms, and Turnip Sawfly. 
CERASI. An old name for Erio- 
campa limacina. See Slugworms. 
i TENTEBEDO GROSSULARIÆ. A ae 
ormerly given to . the Gooseberry and Curran 
Sawfiy (which see). 
