48 
Tineina—continued. 
materially impaired thereby, the mined leaves should be 
picked off with the larve still in them; or the larve may 
be crushed in the leaves between the finger and thumb. 
The habits of life of other injurious Tineina are so 
various that no general statement of treatment would be 
of much service, and reference should be made to the 
methods advised under the special headings quoted above. 
TINNEA (named in honour of Mdlle. Tinné, Nile 
voyager). ORD. Labiate. A small genus (four or five 
species) of tall, pubescent or woolly, stove herbs or under- 
shrubs, natives of tropical Africa. Flowers fuscous- 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
or | 
violet-purple, fragrant; calyx ovoid, bilabiate ; corolla tube | 
short and broad, the limb sub-bilabiate, the upper lip 
emarginate or two-lobed, the lower one much longer and | 
spreading ; stamens four; whorls often loose, two-flowered, | 
axillary or disposed in a terminal raceme; pedicels bi- 
bracteolate. Leaves entire ; 
upper ones reduced to bracts. Only one species has been 
- introduced, It thrives in any light, rich soil. The plants 
should be grown in a light, airy place, and frequently 
pinched to induce a bushy growth. Propagation may be 
effected by cuttings, which root readily. 
T. zethiopica (African).* fi. copiously produced in the upper axils, 
two or three to a peduncle; corolla dark maroon-purple, the 
broad tube a little longer than the calyx. . Winter. l. on short, 
slender petioles, ovate, sub-acute or acute, quite entire, narrowed 
at base. Stems and branches erect, terete, ribbed, twiggy. h. 4ft. 
to 6ft. 1867. A hoary sub-shrub. (B. M. 5637.) 
T. æ. dentata (toothed). f., calyx large, cylindrical, two-lipped, 
inclosing the whole of the corolla tube. 1. opposite, elliptic, 
slightly toothed. 1884. (B. M. 6744.) 
TINUS. Included under Viburnum (which see). 
TIPULA. See Tipulide. 
TIPULARIA (from tipula, a Daddy-long-legs; in 
allusion to the shape of the flower). Syns. Anthericlis, 
Plectrurus. ORD. Orchidee. A small genus (two closely- 
‘allied species) of terrestrial Orchids; one is North Ame- 
rican, and the other Himalayan. Flowers rather small, 
loosely racemose, pedicellate; sepals and petals free, 
narrow; lip sessile, with small lateral lobes and a flat 
middle one. Leaves ovate. The species have no horti- 
cultural value. i 
TIPULIDÆ. A family of two-winged flies (Diptera) 
distinguished by the long, slender body, with long, un- 
armed legs, and long, rather narrow wings, with many 
veins. There is a distinct furrow on the back of the 
thorax, between its front and middle segments. The 
head is usually rather small and round, and bears rather 
long antennæ, which have from six to nineteen joints. 
One of the commonest species, the Common Crane Fly 
Fie. 42, TIPULA OLERACEA. 
(Tipula oleracea), is shown, of the natural size, at Fig. 
42. The larve of Tipulide are popularly known as 
“grubs,” and under that name are but too well known 
_ to farmers, as they are among the worst enemies of the 
cultivated crops, and of pastures. They are dirty-grey, | 
floral ones conformed, the | 
- Pipulide—continued. 
cylindrical maggots, with no distinct head or feet. The 
rings are separated by shallow grooves. The body is. 
blunt behind, but bears six small, fleshy tubercles on 
the blunt end. The “grubs” are clumsy creatures, and 
move slowly, but are protected from injury by their tough 
skin, which has procured them the name of “ Leather- 
jackets” in some localities. They are of various sizes, 
when full grown, as there are numerous species. The 
larvee of T. oleracea reach a length of over lin., with a 
thickness of about tin. They live in the soil, a little 
way below the surface, feeding on the roots of grasses 
and other plants. When numerous, they not unfrequently 
destroy the grasses on lawns, or devour great part of the 
garden and field crops. The produce of damp soil is 
peculiarly apt to suffer from their ravages. When full 
fed, they change into pupæ, which are of nearly the same 
size as the larve, but are provided with cases on the 
front part of the body for the wings and legs of the 
future Crane Fly. The rings of the abdomen of the 
pup each bear a transverse row of short, stiff spines; 
and, by means of these, the pupæ can wriggle partly 
out of the soil, just before the flies are ready to break 
out, to permit their more easy exit. There are many 
species of Tipula, but there is no need to describe them 
in detail, as all show much the same habits, and must 
be combated by the same methods. 
Treatment. The female flies are prevented from laying 
eggs, and the larve may be destroyed, by the employ- 
ment of dressings of such materials as gas lime or 
soaper’s ashes. Common salt has also been found useful, 
in the proportion of about half a ton to the acre, just 
before the ground is ploughed. Deep ploughing is very 
beneficial. To enable the crops to resist attacks, the 
most effectual method is to stimulate growth by dress- 
ings of guano or other manures, so as to render the 
plants less liable to serious injury, even if partially 
eaten. The use of heavy rollers has been recommended 
for lawns, and this would probably kill those grubs 
that lie close to the surface; but they are not very 
liable to injury from pressure, unless it is very con- 
- siderable. 
Traps, as recommended under Crane Fly (which see), 
consisting of slices of turnip, potato, or other fleshy 
roots or tubers, may be employed with success for the 
protection of choice plants or crops. They should be 
sunk a few inches below the surface of the soil, and be 
examined every two or three days, the grubs found in 
them being removed and destroyed. 
Certain birds, especially starlings and rooks, are very 
useful in reducing the number of grubs, of which they 
eat multitudes: they ought, therefore, to be encouraged. 
Among the most productive breeding-grounds of grubs 
(as well as of other pests of-gardening and of agricul- 
ture) are uncultivated corners or edges of shrubberies 
and fields, where weeds are allowed to grow unchecked 
from year to year. It is advisable to get rid, as 
thoroughly as possible, of such sources of trouble. 
TISSUE. The material of which the elementary 
organs of plants are constructed, whether consisting of 
membranes, bladders, cells, or fibres. 
TITHONIA (a name of mythological derivation, 
from Tithonus, the favourite of Aurora). ORD. Com- 
posite. A small genus (four or five species) of half-hardy, 
robust, annual herbs, or sometimes shrubby at base, 
natives of Mexico, Central America, and Cuba. Flower- 
heads yellow, large, heterogamous, on long, thickened 
peduncles ; ray florets ligulate, s ing, entire or 
scarcely bidenticulate ; involucre hemispherical or broadly 
campanulate, the bracts biseriate; receptacle convex ; 
achenes slightly pilose. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 
entire or three-lobed. The species here described thrive 
in any light soil. . Propagated by seeds. 
