AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 
Tithonia—continued. 
T, ovata (ovate). A synonym of Zexamenia ovata. 
T, speciosa (showy). f.-heads, involucral bracts leafy; ray 
-~ florets about twelve or thirteen, rich red ; peduncles one-headed, 
thickened above, August. l. petiolate, cordate, undivided or 
crenately three-lobed. Stem erect, terete. h. 4ft. Mexico, 1833. 
Syn. Helianthus speciosus (B. M. 3295). 
T, tagetifiora (Marigold-flowered). f/l.-heads orange-yellow ; ray 
florets oval-oblong ; involucre velvety, erect ; peduncles thickened 
at apex. August. J. usually trilobed. A. 6ft. Vera Cruz, 1818. 
(B. R. 591; R. H. 1858, f. 64.) 
T, tubæformis (tube-like). /.-heads, ray florets oblong; invo- 
lucre hairy, somewhat spreading; achenes usually biaristate ; 
l. all undivided. h. 5ft. 
peduncles thickened at apex. July. 
Mexico, 1799. (B. R. 1519, under name of Helianthus tubæ- 
Jormis.) 
TITHYMALUS. A synonym of Euphorbia (which 
see). 
TITRAGYNE. A synonym of Bohdea (which see). 
TITTMANNIA (of Reichenbach). Included under 
Vandellia (which see). 
TOAD (Bufo vulgaris). There are few more useful 
animals in a garden than the common Toad, despite 
the prejudices with which it has so long been regarded, 
and which are, even yet, hardly extinct in some minds. 
It is, however, scarcely necessary, in the present day, to 
waste words to disprove the belief, so widely prevalent 
in the past, that the Toad is venomous. It is perfectly 
harmless to human beings. It is of much value in a 
garden, from the fact that it feeds largely on insects 
and slugs. During the day, Toads shelter themselves 
under stones, or in holes in the soil; or, in default of 
these, they will retreat to the shade of broad-leaved 
plants. The night is their time for movement and for 
taking food; though a dull, wet day will also tempt 
them out. Despite the slowness of their motions, they 
are able to capture the most active insects. This is 
done by means of the tongue, which can be shot forth 
from the mouth to a surprising distance. 
TOADFLAX. See Linaria. 
TOAD FLOWER, AFRICAN. A common name 
for several species of Stapelia. — 
AD STOOL. A common name for poisonous 
g1 
TOBACCO. See Nicotiana Tabacum. 
TOCOCA (Tococo is the name of T. guianensis in 
Guiana). Including Sphwrogyne. ORD. Melastomacee. 
A genus comprising about thirty species of glabrous or 
hispid-pilose, stove shrubs, natives of North Brazil, Vene- 
zuela, and Guiana, Flowers white or pink, rather large, 
paniculate, naked or included in ample bracts; calyx tube 
terete or costate, the limb dilated, five or six-lobed; petals 
five or six, obovate or oblong, obtuse or retuse ; stamens 
ten or twelve, equal. Leaves petiolate, ample, mem- 
branous, rarely coriaceous, entire or denticulated, five- 
nerved, often having on the base or on the petiole 
a two-lobed, inflated bladder. The species known to 
cultivation are here described. They thrive in a com- 
post of one part sandy loam and two parts rough 
peat. Cuttings of side shoots should be inserted in 
February. 
T.  ibbod iptic-oblong, shortly 
ferruginea (rusty). l. three-ribbed, elliptic a rast drt the 
acuminate, shaded green’on the upper surface, eath, 
younger ones stained with red. Stem terete, clothed with cinna- 
mon-coloured scurf. South America, 1868. SYN. Sphærogyne 
ferruginea. 
T. guianensis (Guiana). /l. shortly pedicellate or sessile ; calyx 
limb entire; plia pang AT a obovate-cordate, inequilateral ; 
panicle terminal. August and September. l. very variable in 
size and shape ; broadly elliptic or ovate, shortly acuminate, 
rounded at base, very slightly denticulated; petioles scarcely 
tin. long beneath the bladder. A. 3ft. to 4ft. Guiana, 1826. 
T. imperialis (imperial). l large, elliptic, of a rich dark green, 
having a ality or VOU surface, berg the principal veins 
Vol. IV. 
Tococa—continued. 
reddish at the base. Peru, 1869. 
Spherogyne imperialis. 
T. latifolia (broad-leaved). fl. very shortl icellate ; 
of a beautiful pink or red; panicle yet por or pale come 
tracted, the branches slender. l. long-petiolate, broadly ovate, 
apiculate, entire or inconspicuously dentate-ciliated below the 
E rounded at base, Stem simple. Equinoctial America, 
SYN. Sphærogyne latifolia, 
TOCOYENA (said to be the name of this plant in 
Guiana), Syn. Ucriana. Orv. Rubiacew. A genus 
comprising about eight species of erect, glabrous or 
tomentose, stove shrubs, natives of Brazil and Guiana. 
Flowers white or yellow, showy, cymose, sub-sessile; 
calyx five-toothed, persistent ; corolla funnel-shaped, the 
tube slender, the throat naked; limb of five spreading, 
obtuse, contorted lobes; stamens five, inserted in the 
throat of the corolla; peduncles short and thick. Berry 
oblong, many-seeded. Leaves opposite or nearly s0, 
shortly petiolate, ovate or lanceolate; stipules small, 
acute. T. longiflora, the only species known to cultiva- 
tion, thrives in fibry peat, with the addition of a little 
lumpy loam, sand, and charcoal. It may be multiplied 
by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, inserted in sand, 
under a glass, in heat, during May. 
x long-fi gS ~ 
T eg o ve ila Ba se tie eae, the Slt pone ike 
limb white. 7. lanceolate-oblong. pron at both — 
glabrous, lft. long, 4in. to 5in. broad ; stipules 2 
tetragonal, very simple. A. 6ft. Guiana, 1826, (A. G. 50. 
TODAROA (commemorative name). Campylocentron 
is now the correct name. ORD. Orchidee. A genus 
comprising about fifteen species of stove, epiphytal 
Orchids, natives of tropical America. Flowers minute, 
spicate, often distichous; sepals and petals free, narrow; 
lip sessile at the base of the column, produced in a spur 
at base; column very short. Leaves distichous, often 
seattered, oblong, linear, or terete. Stem occasionally 
leafless, not pseudo-bulbous, Only one species calls for 
description here. For culture, see Angræcum. 
A very handsome plant. SYN. 
conformed, bilobed ; _— , 
Mar jangir asr ot 
TODDALIA (Kaka Toddali is the Malabar name of 
T. aculeata). Including Scopolia (of Smith), Vepris. ORD. 
Rutacee. A small genus (six to eight species) of unarmed 
or prickly, climbing or sarmentose, stove shrubs, dis- 
persed over the tropics of the Old World and the Cape. 
Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles; calyx 
short, two to five-toothed, lobed, or parted; petals two 
to five, imbricated or valvate; torus inconspicuous or 
slightly elongated. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate ; leaflets 
sessile, lanceolate, coriaceous, entire or crenate, pellucid- 
dotted. Three species have been introduced, all natives 
of Mauritius. They are interesting shrubs, thriving in 
a compost of loam, peat, and sand, Propagated readily 
by cuttings, inserted in sand, under a glass, in heat. 
aculeata ly). Lopez Root. jl. white ; icles shorter 
Pian the Abe aggre T Pi Mar. L, leaflets 
oblanceolate-oblong, acute, }in. to lin. broad, entire or obscurely 
crenate, the es wrinkled; petioles lin. long, ned up- 
wards. 1790. climber, often armed with hooked prickles. 
(B. M. Pl. 49.) r sisi 
f haped) A. white, on ort icels ; 
Jet y etsy and terminal, Coral. May. 
- late, 2in. to 3in. long, acute, entire, the 
edges waved ; petioles lin. to 2in. long, not flattened. h. 4ft. 
upwards. 1824. An erect shrub. Syn. Vepris a, 
paniculata (panicled). f. greenish-white, in copious, deltoid, 
im oes) panicles, with spreading or geme) branches. May. 
l, leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, lin. to lin. broad, 
right ; petioles lin. to l}in. long, sub-terete. h. 20ft. to 
i An erect, unarmed shrub. 
TODDY PALM. A common name for Caryota 
urens (which see). 
H 
