AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 51 
TOFIELDIA (named in honour of Tofield, a York- 
shire botanist). False Asphodel. Syns. Hebelia, Heri- 
teria. ORD. Liliacee. A genus comprising about fourteen 
species of mostly hardy, perennial herbs; two are natives 
of the Andes, and the rest are broadly dispersed over 
mountainous and temperate regions. Flowers small, 
shortly pedicellate or sub-sessile, in terminal spikes; 
perianth persistent, the segments distinct or very shortly 
connate near the base; stamens six. Leaves radical or 
clustered at the base of the stem, short-linear, sub- 
distichous; cauline ones few or none. T., palustris is a 
native of Britain, but of no particular beauty. T. pubens, 
the only species calling for mention here, thrives in any 
light soil, in a moist situation. It may be increased by 
- division of the roots. 
T. pubens (downy). fl., perianth whitish, two lines long, 
raceme loose, 2in. to 4in. long. July. l. radical, narrow-linear, 
somewhat rigid, glabrous, 6in. to 12in, long. Stem slender, 
lft. to 2ft. high. North America, 1840. (B. M. 3859.) 
TOLMIEA (dedicated by Torrey and Gray to Mr. 
Tolmie, surgeon of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Puget 
Sound). ORD. Sawxifragee. A monotypic genus. The 
species is a hardy herb, with a perennial rhizome. It 
was formerly included under Tiarella (which see for 
culture). 
T. Menziesii (Menzies’) jl. greenish, rather large, nodding, in a 
slender, elongated raceme; calyx purple-nerved ; petals five, 
capillary. April. Z, radical ones petiolate, alternate, incised- 
lobed; cauline ones alternate. Stem lft. to 2ft. bigh, three to 
five-leaved, hairy. North-west America, 1812. Syns. Heuchera 
Menziesit, Tiarella Menziesii (H. F. B. A. i. 80). 
TOLPIS (a name given by Adanson, probably without 
meaning, as was his custom). ORD. Composite. A genus 
comprising less than eighteen species of pretty, hardy, 
annual or perennial herbs, rarely with a slightly woody 
caudex, natives of the Mediterranean region and the 
Canary Islands. Flower-heads pale or bright yellow, 
homogamous ; ray florets truncately five-toothed at apex ; 
involucre campanulate ; bracts narrow, the lower ones 
one or two-seriate, the upper ones in many series; 
receptacle naked or honeycomb-like. Leaves mostly 
radical, or alternate on the lower part of the stem, entire, 
toothed, or pinnatifid, the upper ones often narrow. The 
following species, which are those best known to cultiva- 
tion, are well suited for the ornamentation of flower 
borders, where the seed may be sown in spring. All 
flower in June. 
T. altissima (very tall). A synonym of T. virgata. 
T. barbata (bearded). Yellow Garden Hawk Weed. fl.-heads, 
involucre slightly farinose, the outer scales subulate-falcate. 
l. lanceolate, toothed. Stems erect, branched, leafy. South 
Europe, &c. SYN. Crepis barbata (B. M. 35). 
T. macrorhiza (large-rhizomed). fl.-heads nearly as large as 
those of T. barbata, disposed in an ample panicle; involucre 
farinose-pubescent ; pappus of fifteen to twenty bristles ; pedicels 
squamellose. J. undivided, oblong, toothed, sessile, slightly 
fleshy-coriaceous. Stems shrubby, branched ; root thick, fleshy. 
Madeira. Plant highly glabrous. SYN. Crepis macrorhiza 
(B. M. 2988). 
T. umbellata (umbel-flowered). fl.-heads pale yellow, one-half 
smaller than those of T. barbata ; peduncles tomentose at apex. 
l. oblong-linear, toothed; upper ones entire. Stems erect, 
branched, nearly naked. h. 2ft. South Europe, ope ee 
T. virgata (twiggy). /l.-heads small ; pappus of six to ten bristles ; 
uivciners Aa! ved er farinose-pubescent, l. elongated, linear- 
lanceolate, toothed; upper ones linear, entire. Stem erect, 
branched, glabrous. h. 3ft. South Europe, &c., 1823. SYN. 
T. altissima. a A 
T. v. diflora (large-flowered). /.-heads citron-colour; in- 
volucre mealy, the prick scales short and subulate. l. radical, 
lanceolate, toothed, sparsely bees densely villous towards the 
base. South Italy, Sicily, &c., 1830. 
TOLU BALSAM-TREE. See Myroxylon Tolui- 
ferum. 
TOLUIFERA. A synonym of Myroxylon (which 
see). 
TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum). A tender 
annual, native Boe America, cultivated for the use 
of its fruit for cooking as a vegetable, as an ingredient 
- other culinary purposes. 
Tomato—continued. 
in salads, for making Tomato sauce, and for various 
The fruits are sometimes used 
in a green, but more generally in a ripe, state. In 
most gardens of extent, the Tomato is considered one of 
the most important vegetables grown, and the keeping of 
a continued supply, if possible, throughout the whole 
year, is a point to be specially aimed at. For market- 
ing, Tomatoes are very extensively cultivated, as they 
invariably command a good price, except, perhaps, for a- 
limited period when the general crop is being harvested 
at the end of summer. The annual supply grown in 
this country for market purposes is nothing like equal 
to the demand, and large quantities of fruits are im- 
ported. Of late years, a considerable number of esta- 
blishments have sprung into existence in which Tomatoes 
are cultivated (planted out) under glass on a vast scale ; 
and while the demand for their produce is good, and 
more likely to increase than diminish, it proves, as a 
rule, a remunerative undertaking, and one which promises 
to continue so. In this country, it is only in warm 
situations, and in favourable localities, that the Tomato 
crop can be depended upon in the open air, though 
much depends on the season — whether it be a hot and 
dry, or a cold and wet one —and the strength of the 
plants when placed outside. Plants raised under glass, 
and grown to a good size, large enough to begin flowering, 
or even- setting fruit, before being put out into their 
permanent quarters, have a manifest advantage over 
others which are not so prepared, in perfecting a crop 
afterwards. Indoors, Tomatoes may be grown to bear 
freely in large pots or boxes, or they may be planted 
in a ridge of soil, and trained to a trellis, or nailed 
against the back wall of a melon or cucumber house, 
provided there is sufficient light. 
Tomatoes may be increased in any quantity from seeds, 
which ripen in abundance in most of the fruits that 
reach maturity; or they may be raised from cuttings, 
which is sometimes an advantage, as these root readily 
in heat, and soon grow to a fruiting size. Seeds in- 
tended for raising plants for the open air should be 
sown at the end of February, or during March, in 5in. 
pots, or in shallow pans, filled with light soil, and placed 
in a temperature of 55deg. or 60deg., either in a heated 
structure, or on a hotbed. As the seedlings come up, they 
must be kept well exposed to light, to prevent them 
becoming drawn. When the second leaves appear, they 
should be potted off singly, and still kept in heat, until 
re-established, when they may be grown on in any light 
house or frame, with more air, until gradually they are 
hardened off for placing outside, towards the end of May, 
or early in June. If placed singly, at first, in 3in. pots, 
the plants may be readily shifted into others, 6in. in 
diameter, some time during April, and this will be suffi- 
ciently large for them. Some growers place two plants in 
a pot, opposite each other, and close to the edge, and then 
divide the ball when planting out; but it is obvious 
that this must injure the roots, although, if they are 
not very much crowded, and due attention is given to 
watering and, if necessary, shading, for a few days, new 
growth is soon commenced. As our ordinary summers 
are not long-lasting, it is most important that „the 
plants be thus forwarded, and special attention given 
them in training, to induce a fruitful, instead of a too 
luxuriant, growth. This may best be done by keeping 
the side shoots pinched out, and limiting each plant to 
the centre one only, or, at most, to not more than two. 
Treated in this way, the clusters of flowers which will 
appear before the plants get up very much will be strong, 
and — what is of equal or more importance — they will 
be swelling off at the earliest possible moment. Early 
ing, or management with a view to attaining it, is 
quite a necessity, as it is of little use, only having 
heavy crops at a time when they cannot ripen for want 
