AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 57 
Tools, Implements, &c.—continued. 
may spread the water with his finger, and direct its 
course at will to any position or part of the house. If 
this cannot be done readily, another perforated rose may 
be screwed on instead, which will separate the particles 
of water as they pass through it. 
Trowel. Garden Trowels are indispensable for lifting 
and replanting such things as carry a ball of earth with 
their roots. For bedding-out in May and June, Trowels 
are in constant demand, and at all seasons use is 
generally found for them. 
Turfing-iron and Turf-beetle.- The first-named is an 
implement with a somewhat heart-shaped blade, and a bent 
Fig. 59. TURFING-IRON. 
handle (see Fig. 59). It is used for lifting turf that has 
previously been marked out and cut through with an edging- 
iron. The Turf-beetle consists of a flat piece of wood, 
about 3in. thick, with a handle attached at an acute 
Fig. 60. TURF-BEETLE. 
angle (see Fig. 60), to allow of the implement falling 
flat when lifted and brought down on to the turf. It is 
used principally for levelling newly-laid turf. 
Vol. 1V. 
TOOL-SHED. A Tool-shed should be found in every 
garden. It should be provided with pegs, made of either 
wood or iron, and fixed near the ceiling, for hanging up 
Dutch hoes, rakes, scythes, and any other tools with 
long handles. Other pegs may be situated lower down for 
forks, shovels, spades, &e. A cupboard or chest should 
contain all small tools and implements, such as hammers, 
shears, trowels, &c. Every workman should help to 
keep the Tool-shed tidy, and the tools in good order, by 
cleaning everything he uses when any work is finished 
during the daytime, and returning it to its proper place, 
and also doing the same every evening when the hour 
for suspending work arrives. 
TOONA. Included under Cedrela. 
TOOTHACHE-TREE. See Xanthoxylum frax- 
ineum. 
TOOTHBRUSH-TREE. A common name for Sal- 
vadora persica (which see). 
TOOTHED. Having any kind of small divisions. 
TOOTHLETED. Furnished with little teeth. 
TOOTHWORT. ‘See Dentaria and Plumbago 
scandens. 
TOPIARY WORE. Although the absurd fashion 
of cutting and torturing trees into all sorts of fantastic 
shapes has, happily, almost passed away, yet, as the art 
of the Topiarist was for a considerable period regarded 
as the perfection of gardening, some mention of it is 
desirable here. When the fashion first became popular 
in Britain, it is probably impossible to ascertain; but 
it reached its highest point in the sixteenth century, and 
held its ground until driven out of the field, in the last 
century, by the natural or picturesque style, From an 
archeological point of view, it is not to be regretted that 
examples of Topiary Work on a large scale still exist 
in several British gardens. Fig. 61 (for which we are 
indebted to Messrs. Veitch and Sons) represents a view 
at Elvaston Castle, near Derby. “A large portion of 
this consists of ornamental hedges of the common Yew, 
either dividing parts of the grounds from each other, or 
inclosing spaces devoted to special subjects; and of 
single specimens, both of the common Yew and its 
golden variety, cut into conical pyramids of uniform size 
and height; and of such as these there are upwards of 
one thousand. There are comparatively few repre- 
sentations of birds and animals; the bolder work re- 
presents the walls and bastions of a Norman castle, 
archways, alcoves, arbours, &c. The great extent of the 
Topiary Work at Elvaston is calculated to excite surprise 
rather than admiration; at the same time, its extreme 
formality is greatly relieved by the noble Conifers of -the 
Fir and Pine tribe which have been planted beside and 
around it with no sparing hand, and by the beautiful 
view of the river Derwent, in its winding course through 
the grounds” (Veitch, “ Manual of the Coniferæ ). 
Levens Hall, in Westmoreland, is a still more famous 
Topiarian garden than Elvaston. — For an account of this, 
and an illustration, see vol. xxvi. of the “ Archwological 
Journal.” Two illustrations of some of the most re- 
markable groups in this same garden- appeared in the 
«¢ Gardeners’ Chronicle ” for 1874, _ vol. ii, p- 264. Here 
may be seen figures of the British Lion; of Queen 
Elizabeth and her ladies; of the Judge’s Wig, a number 
of Yews planted in a half-circle, so as to form an arbour, 
by bringing the branches over the top in a hood or wig- 
like fashion; and many others. The astonishing tenacity 
of life possessed by the Yew is thoroughly proved by 
the fact that, as the figures (at Levens) above mentioned 
were first formed early in the eighteenth century, the 
bulk of the young growths must have been cut off for 
upwards of one hundred and eighty years, in order to 
keep the requisite size and form of the objects represented. 
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