AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 59 
Topiary Work—continued. 
elaborate figures, a number of plants might be used, and 
the leading branches of these might be united by 
“approach-grafting,’ until a regularly compact network 
of interlacing branches were securely growing together. 
By this means, less damage would be likely to occur 
through heavy falls of snow, or from violent gales. In 
one of the continental gardens, a few years ago, there were 
several young plants of the common Ash, grown so as to 
form, amongst other things, a more or less perfect crown, 
simply, as the label stated, to show what the skill of the 
grafter could accomplish. Some half-dozen tall young 
plants were placed in a circle: one of these was grafted, 
at some 6ft. from the ground, by approach to the other 
five, so as to present the appearance of a ring horizontally 
supported by half-a-dozen stems; from this ring were 
allowed to develop a series of branches, which were 
curved over and united into one stem by grafting. After 
this the branches again divided, and were made to assume 
other unnatural forms. 
Constant attention is required in pruning and dis- 
budding all such strong-growing plants as the Ash, and 
distorted and unsightly branches and stems are sure to be 
the result in a comparatively short time. 
TOP-SHAPED. Inversely conical, with a contraction 
towards the point. 
TORCH LILY. A common name for Kniphofia 
(which see). : 
TORCH THISTLE. An early name given to various 
species of Cereus (which see). 
TORDYLIUM (the old Greek name used by Dios- 
corides), Hartwort. Orp. Umbellifere. A genus com- 
prising about a dozen species of hardy, annual herbs, 
natives of Europe, North Africa, and temperate and 
Central Asia. Flowers white or purplish, in compound, 
many-rayed umbels. Leaves undivided or pinnate. The 
Species possess no beauty. 
TORENIA (name commemorative of Olef Toren, a 
Swedish clergyman, who discovered T. asiatica and other 
plants in China; he died in 1753.) Syns. Nortenia, Pent- 
steria. ORD. Scrophularinee. A genus embracing about 
sixteen species of stove, glabrous, pubescent, or hairy, 
perennial herbs (in all probability, annual in a wild 
state), natives of tropical and Eastern extra-tropical 
Asia and tropical Africa; one is also found in South 
America, where it was probably introduced. Calyx 
tubular, plicate or three to five-winged, obliquely three 
to five-toothed or bilabiate at apex; corolla tube cylin- 
drical or enlarged above, the upper lip broad, emarginate 
or bifid, the lower one spreading, of three broad, sub- 
equal lobes; stamens four, perfect; pedicels ebracteolate ; 
racemes short, few-flowered, fascicle-like, or rarely 
elongated. Leaves opposite, entire, crenated or serrated. 
The species known to cultivation are described below. 
They are of easy culture, and are admirably adapted for 
hanging baskets as well as for pot culture. The annuals 
may be raised from seed, sown in March or April, and 
placed in a warm temperature. When large enough to 
handle, the seedlings should be pricked off into the pots or 
baskets in which they are intended to flower. Torenias 
may also be readily propagated by cuttings: any young 
shoots will root in a close frame, or under a hand glass 
in a warm house. A compost of loam and leaf mould, 
with a little sand or charcoal intermixed, is most suit- 
able. T. Fournieri, which grows erect, is best adapted 
for pot culture: its branches, which do not trail, need 
the support of a few small stakes. Green Fly are often 
troublesome to these plants when young. As a pre- 
Ventive, fumigate occasionally. ; 
T. asiatica (Asiatic).* ji. on axillary and sub-um 
calyx olla blue, 1łin. to organs 
lin. l i > cor n 2 
ong, scarcely winged i. shortly pi tiolate, 
with very dark violet lateral lobes. June. l 
| 
authors of the 
Torenia—continued. © 
ovate-cordate or ovate-lanceolate, serrated, lin. to 2in. et 
Branches 6in. to 10in. long, slender, diffuse. India, &c., 1845. 
(B. M. 4249; F. d. S. x. 5, xiii, 1342 ; I. H. 199.) 
T. a. hirsuta (hairy). /., lower filaments having a very small 
tooth. Plant more pubescent than the type. (B. M. 5167, under 
name of T. hirsuta.) 
T. auriculefolia (Auricula -leaved). Fo pom 
separately on slender scapes; corolla lo’ ale lilac, blotche 
-with purple and veined with white on the disk. Summer. 
l. radical, sessile, ovate. India, 1871. This plant has much the 
habit of a Pinguicula, (F. M. 534.) Its proper name is Cratero- 
stigma pumilum. 
T. Bailloni (Baillon’s). A synonym of 7. flava. 
T. concolor (one-coloured). fl. large, on axillary peduncles 
longer than the leaves ; corolla concolorous, violet-blue. Summer. 
l. stalked, ovate-cordate, acute, serrate. A. 6in. to 12in. China, 
1844. A glabrous or s eee herb, with diffuse, elon- 
gated branches. (B. M. 6797; B. R. 62.) 
numerous, 
x (cordate-leaved). (fl. axillary and sub-umbellate ; 
corolla pale blue, jin. long; pedicels often longer than the leaves. 
July. l. petiolate, ovate, serrated, lin. to ljin. long, cuneate or 
very rarely cordate at base ; petioles rarely as long as the blade. 
h. "hin, to 8in. India, &., 1811. A a ar sparsely hairy 
annual. (B. M. 3715.) 
T., edentula (toothless), A synonym of 7. peduncularis. 
o llow).* illary and in distant pairs j corolla T- 
T. flava (yellow).* /l axillary rp apte yello 
sessile or petiolate, gwi or . 
. 6700.) 
Syn. T. Bailloni (B. 324; R. H. 
1879, 15) ies E 
T, Fordii (Ford's). f/ on short, sub-terminal, ax uncles ; 
calyx with aioe triangular teeth ; corolla small, with an exserted 
tube, the limb straw-coloured with the lateral lobes blotched with 
violet. Summer, /. shortly-stalked, broadly ovate-rotundate or 
cordate. h. 6in, to 12in. An erect, pubescent herb, China. 
(B. M. 1797.) 
è urnieri (Fournier's).* /l., calyx jin. long, broadly 
gies pant MY tube pale violet, yellow at back, lin. long ; 
1hin. in diameter, the upper lip pale lilac, obscurely two- 
the lower one of three age a . eo et, ro 
A a go. 0' ; Tacemes 
uie Berge 8m gag Rosen L Luin, to 2in. long, ovate or ovate- 
five- 
limb 
terminal, erect. Summer. — 
vordate, acute, serrated, bright Branches cro erect 
from the root, 4in. to 8in. h, much-branched. — 
China, 1876. Plant highly ——-. (B. H. 1879, i M. ; 
Gn., Dec. 1877; I. H. n. s. ; R. G. 927; R.H. 1 465.) ; 
T, hirsuta (hairy). A variety of T. asiatica. 
, peduncularis ( unculate - flowered). fl. usually pale 
ai blue, with yellow Sea midway between those of T. sene 
and T. cordifolia, but the filaments are not toothed, as in t a 
species. June. Z. faee ovate, crenate-serrated. h. 
india, Philippines, &c., 1845. Decumbent or sub-erect, glabrous 
or softly hairy. SYN. T. edentula (B. M. 4229). 
TORFACEOUS. Growing in bogs or mosses. 
 TORINGO CRAB. See Pyrus Toringo. 
TORMENTILLA. Included under Potentilla 
(which see). k 
TORMENTIL-ROOT. A common name for Poten- 
tilla Tormentilla (which see). 
TORNELIA. A synonym of Monstera (which 
see). i 
TOROSE. A cylindrical body, irregularly swollen. 
TORRESIA. A synonym of Hierochloe (which 
Cone = li t to Dr. John 
A (named in complimen r. 
Torrey, 1796-1873, an American botanist, and one of the 
: ‘Flora of North America ). gs $ 
. Syns. Caryotarus, Fetatarus. ORD. Conifere. 
aie na hgh four species of hardy, evergreen 
trees, emitting a strong, disagreeable odour from all parts 
when bruised, natives of North America, North China, 
and Japan. Flowers diccious, the males solitary and 
sub-sessile in the axils, the female catkins axillary, sessile, 
one-flowered. Fruit ovoid, drupe-like, jin. to 1}in. long. 
Leaves sub-spirally affixed, distichously spreading, very 
shortly petiolate, linear, flat, similar to those of Taxus, 
but longer. The species do not attain in Great Britain 
anything near the beautiful aspect they assume in their 
