62 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Torrubia—continued. 
scarcely be regarded as of much importance from this 
point of view. On the other hand, no species of Cordy- 
ceps is known to be injurious in gardens. Probably, 
the species most widely known, by its popular name at 
least, is the so-called “ Vegetable Caterpillar,” often sent 
from New Zealand. This reaches a height of from 6in. 
to 8in., the club being from 3in. to 4in. long, and jin. 
thick. It grows out of the body of some large larva 
(usually that of an insect allied to the Otter Moth or 
Ghost Swift), and is often erroneously supposed by the 
finders to be a caterpillar in course of development into 
a Fungus. This Fungus is ©. Hugelii, Corda; though 
more generally referred to in English works by the 
name C. Robertsii, given to it, by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, 
at a later date than Corda’s. Mr. Berkeley has described 
a still larger species from Australia, under the name 
Spheria Taylori. 
TORRUBIA (of Vellozo). 
(which see). 
TORTOISE-PLANT. Sce Testudinaria elephan- 
TORTRICINA (from torqueo, to twist). A group of 
Moths, popularly known as Leaf-rollers, because of the 
habit exhibited by the larve of many species of rolling 
up the leaves of their food-plants into tubes, in which they 
shelter themselves from birds and other foes. Inside the 
tubes the larve live and feed in safety; but when the 
food-plant is shaken, each larva drops from its tube, and 
hangs suspended by a silken thread. When the danger 
is past, the larva climbs up the thread, and regains the 
shelter of the tube. Many larve become pupz in the 
tubes. Some species live in roots or twigs (see Retinia), 
or in unripe fruits (see Apple or Codlin Grub). The 
Tortricina are all of small size, scarcely any of the moths 
reaching lin. in spread of wings. The body is slender, 
_ but the wings are comparatively broad, and when at rest 
they slope like the roof of a house above the body. In 
many, the costa, or front margin, of the wings is pecu- 
liarly curved; so that the insect at rest is not unlike a 
‘bell in outline when seen from above. The front wings 
are, in most of the species, rather uniformly coloured ; 
usually being some shade of brown, with darker markings, 
or bands and spots. Some show metallic spots ; and others 
have the wings variegated with black and white, while 
others have them some uniform shade of green. The 
palpi, or feelers attached to the mouth-pieces, are short 
and inconspicuous. The larve have never less than 
sixteen pfolegs, or sucking feet, on the hinder rings of 
the body. 
A good many species of this group are injurious to 
cultivated plants, often by eating the leaves; e.g., Tortrix 
viridana sometimes strips Oak-trees bare. Roses are 
also much damaged by several species that live in the 
rolled leaflets, or inside the leaf-buds and flower-buds. 
Most fruit-trees are more or less liable to similar in- 
juries; and the Coniferw often have the twigs pierced 
up the centre by the larve. Herbaceous plants, though 
occasionally attacked, are far less often seriously damaged 
than woody plants or shrubs. 
Remedies. These vary according to the nature of the 
injury done. Larve in tubes are best got rid of by beating 
the branches well over sheets, or over vessels tarred 
inside to prevent the escape of the larve. The insects 
shaken off should be destroyed. Such as live in twigs 
A synonym of Pisonia 
3 are more difficult to dislodge; but sickly twigs should be 
-cutoff and burned. Fruits tenanted by larve usually fall 
prematurely, and such windfalls should, without delay, be 
collected from the ground, and destroyed, or given to pigs, 
as the laryæ very soon bore out of the fruits, and pass into 
the soil, there ‘to remain all winter as pupe. Further 
information is given under Taah (pper PesTS), 
and Tortrix. 
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TORTRIX (from torqueo, to twist; in allusion to the 
leaves of plants being twisted or rolled by the larvæ, to 
form tubes in which they live). The leading genus of the 
group of small Moths known as the Tortricina. The 
genera in this group are distinguished from one another 
by very slight characters, so that it is difficult for any 
one but a specialist to be sure of the genera and species. 
Tortriz is closely related to several other genera, and its 
extent is somewhat uncertain; some specialists forming 
several genera from an assemblage of species that others 
consider ought to be retained in one genus. In the genus, 
even when most restricted, there are several species 
hurtful to garden produce and to cultivated trees. Of 
these the most destructive is T. viridana. -This insect 
has the fore wings pale green, with their front margin 
sulphur-yellow; they extend from 3in. to lin. in span. 
The larvæ live in tubes formed by rolling up leaves of 
almost all kinds of trees, and of some shrubs; but they 
are peculiarly destructive to Oaks, which they occasionally 
strip absolutely bare. T. icterana has pale-ochreous wings, 
and is about the same size as T. viridana. Its larve feed 
mostly in rolled leaves of herbs, and may be looked on 
as almost harmless, as they usually feed on weeds. T. he- 
parana and T. ribeana are both brown, with darker 
markings. The larve of both feed on the leaves of various 
trees, and are at times hurtful to fruit-trees. T. (Hnectra) 
Pilleriana, though very rare in Britain, is, in some seasons, 
very destructive to Vines in France, and elsewhere 
on the Continent, stripping off the leaves. The larve 
have been observed passing the winter sheltered under 
loose bark, emerging in spring to feed on the buds and- 
young leaves. The fore wings of this Moth have a spread 
of only about žin. ; they are pale ochreous, with a brown 
patch near the base, and a brown cross-bar in the middle. 
The other British species of the genus are not sufficiently 
hurtful to call for special mention. 
Remedies. These are given under Tortricina. 
TORTULA (of Roxburgh). A synonym of Priva 
(which see). 
TORTUOUS. Having an irregular, bending, 
turning direction. 
TORULOSE. Slightly torose. 
TORUS. The same as Thalamus (which sa). 
TOTARA PINE. See Podocarpus Totara. 
TOUCH-ME-NOT. Se Impatiens noli-me- 
tangere. 
TOURNEFORTIA (named in memory of Joseph 
Pitton de Tournefort, 1656-1708, the distinguished 
author of an arrangement of plants under the title of 
“ Institutiones Rei Herbariæ”). Including Messerschmidia. 
ORD. Boraginew. A large genus (nearly 100 species) of 
stove, greenhouse, or hardy trees or shrubs, sometimes 
sarmentose or twining, very rarely sub-shrubs, broadly 
dispersed over the warmer regions of the globe. Flowers 
rather small, cymose; calyx five-parted; corolla with a 
cylindrical tube and five imbricated or induplicate lobes ; 
stamens five, affixed to the tube, included. Leaves 
alternate, entire. The species have little or no horti- 
cultural merit. Only two call for mention here: both 
thrive in any fairly good soil. Propagation may be 
effected by cuttings, inserted in sand, under a glass, 
with heat in the case of T. heliotropioides, which is the 
spe plant of the genus. 
and 
acuminate, 
obtuse at ae šin. long. A. 4ft. Canaries, . Greenhouse 
shrub. (B. R. 464.) 
T. heliotropioides (Heliotrope-like). Summer Helio 
Ji. the colour and shape of those of the common eraa 
(H. poima) D but devoid of scent, May. J. elliptic, obtuse, 
pupa t on 5 ase) be ge margins Seige one ae agree 
terete, and, as well as o 2 mos Ayres, 
1829. "Stove sub-shrub. (BM ete) 
