66 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Tragopogon—continued. 
A genus of hardy, biennial or perennial herbs, natives 
of Europe, North Africa, and temperate and sub-tropical 
Asia. About forty species have been described, but the 
number may be considerably reduced. Flower-heads 
yellow or blue (or purple °), terminal, homogamous; ray 
florets ligulate, truncate, five-toothed; involucre cylin- 
drical or narrowly campanulate, the bracts one-seriate, 
often much elongated ; receptacle flat or at length con- 
vex, foveolate; achenes glabrous or slightly hispid; pap- 
pus bristles indefinite, one-seriate. Leaves alternate, 
linear, entire, amplexicaul, often grass-like. A selection 
of the introduced species is given below. Seeds only 
require to be sown in ordinary garden soil. 
T. crocifolius (Crocus-leaved). fl.-heads violet, on terete pe- 
duncles ; involucre five or six-leaved ; achenes muricate-scabrous. 
June. l. narrow-linear, straight. h. 1ft. Italy, 1739. A glabrous 
biennial. m 
h).* fl- ish, soli hti: 
ai emar i nig AE ogee amar eect Aee a i 
eas long as the rays. July. l. elongated, half-amplexicaul. Stem 
— or*rarely branched, terete. h. 14ft. South Europe, 1704. 
A glabrous biennial. SYN. Geropogon glaber (B. M. 479). 
T, major (greater). fl.-heads yellow ; involucre of twelve to fifteen 
scales, the outer ones exceeding the ray florets; peduncles ob- 
Leone i n apex. May. l. straight, lanceolate-linear, 
a % Austria, 1788. A glabrous perennial. 
(J. F. A. 29.) 
| | 
4 
A 
A 
ee Fie. 70. TRaGoPOGON PORRIFOLIUS. 
<1 eens (Loach ale e Ore be 
-~ fl.-heads rose-coloured pac Ee of wight tan 
A h. 
A E ena aia 
Tragopogon—continued. 
North Europe (naturalised in England). A glabrous biennial. 
See Fig. 70. (Sy. En. B. 801.) For culture, &c., see Salsafy. 
T. pratensis (meadow-loving). Common Goat’s Beard; Noon- 
flower ; Shepherd’s Clock ; Star of Jerusalem, &c. /l.-heads yellow, 
din, to 2in. in diameter ; involucre obconical, of about eight bracts, 
often streaked with brown; scapes scarcely thickened upwards. 
June and July. l. flexuous, gradually contracted upwards ; radi- 
cal ones channelled above. Stems stout, erect, 1ft. to 2ft. high. 
Europe (Britain). Plant glabrous, or the involucre slightly cot- 
tony. Biennial, (Sy. En. B. 798-800.) 
T. roseus (rose-coloured). A synonym of T. ruber, 
T, ruber (red). fl. rose-coloured or diluted with purple, on terete 
eduncles ; involucre of about eight bracts. May, J. lanceolate- 
inear, slightly undulated, glaucous. Stems erect, leafy, glaucous. 
h. 1ift. Siberia, 1826. Young plant cobweb-woolly, Perennial. 
Syn. T. roseus. 
TRAILERS. See Creepers. 
TRAINING. This term, as used in gardening, refers 
to the management of trees and plants, more especially 
when in a young state, by regulating their branches to 
give all a fair amount of space and exposure to light. 
Many trees and plants, if allowed to grow in a natural 
way, would assume proportions far beyond the limited 
accommodation which is available for them when under 
cultivation, and, besides, would be crowded and unfruitful. 
Pruning is first of all necessary, but with it Training 
is closely associated ; the branches that are reserved either 
temporarily or permanently, when pruning, have afterwards 
to be dealt with in a similar manner in Training. 
Besides disposing of branches to give all plenty of space 
and light, there is also the necessity for regulating them, 
so as to prevent the sap flowing to any one branch, or 
part of the plant, at the expense. of another, and to the 
detriment of both. An unequal flow of sap causes over- 
luxuriance in one part, and weakness in another. By 
Training, much of this irregularity may be prevented; in 
fact, it is one of the principal objects to be kept in 
mind. Itis pretty generally known, by persons engaged 
in gardening pursuits, that sap will flow most readily 
into straight branches, which pass from the root in an 
upright, or nearly upright, direction, and not so freely into 
others proceeding obliquely or horizontally from the same 
starting-point. If, therefore, a tree, which it is desired 
should be about equally strong in all its branches, shows— 
as naturally it will do if not attended to—a disposition to 
Fic. 71. FAN TRAINING. 
| grow irregularly, it must be corrected at an early stage. 
| This constitutes one of the principal objects which may be 
effected by Training. The fact of sap flowing most 
forcibly into branches trained in an upright direction, 
supplies the means, as by elevating or depressing the 
points during the growing season, according to vigour 
shown, the circulation may be encouraged, or checked, 
in a most marked manner, and the development will be 
more generally alike throughout, i 
„In the management of cultivaied trees, several methods 
of Training are adopted, some kinds, and also some 
ee eee eo 
