70 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Training—continued. 
they are usually very productive, and require but little 
e. 
Standard Training is best suited for orchards, market 
gardens, &c., where grass is grown beneath, and cattle 
or sheep feed thereon, or where other crops and bush 
fruit-trees are cultivated amongst them. There is no 
great necessity for Training Standard trees artificially ; 
their heads develop evenly enough, as a rule, if they are 
kept sufficiently thinned, after being shortened back for 
the first year or two to get the foundation. Standard 
Fig, 85. VERTICAL OR UPRIGHT TRAINING. 
Training (see Fig. 83) is suitable for Apples, some kinds of 
Pears, Plums, and Cherries, in favoured localities. A Half- 
Standard (Fig. 84) is simply a Standard with a shorter 
stem. 
Vertical or Upright Training requires a considerable 
amount of management in keeping the upright shoots 
FG, 06. APPLE-TREE TRAINED VASE-SHAPE, WITH DWARF STEM 
SOR) GS Goel >. AND URRIGRE BRANCHES orn. 
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Training—continued. 
regulated and the tree evenly balanced. Two shoots must 
first be trained horizontally, and their points turned to 
form the uprights at the extreme ends (see Fig. 85). 
These must be kept in advance of all the others in the 
Training process; the centre will then be the last part of 
the tree to be furnished. This system is not so widely 
practised as others which have been already noticed. S 
Apple-trees trained in the shape of a vase, with dwarf 
stem (see Fig. 86), are very ornamental for lawns, &c., 
apart from the value of the fruit which is generally 
produced by them when established and kept pruned 
annually, 
References to the methods of Training adapted to the 
various kinds of fruits named may be found under 
Cherry, Currant, Fig, Gooseberry, Nectarine, . 
Pear, Plum, Vine, &c. 
TRAMETES (from trama, the layer in Hymeno- 
mycetes that supports the hymenium, or spore-bearing 
surface on each side of it, in the gills or in the partitions 
between the pores). A genus of Fungi nearly allied to 
Polyporus (which see), from which, indeed, it differs in 
little save that in Trametes the substance of the trama is 
similar to that of the pileus, while in Polyporus it is 
different. The general form of the Fungi in the genus, 
and the situation and appearance of the pores in which 
the hymenium is situated. are well exemplified in T. Pini 
Fic, 87. TRAMETES PINI, showing (p) Pileus and (t) Openings of 
Spore-bearing Tubes. ð, Bark of Fir-tree. 
(see Fig. 87). Nine species have been discovered in 
Britain, growing on various trees and shrubs, but all 
rare. T. Pini is, however, by no means rare on the 
Continent, where it sometimes does great injury to living 
Conifers, chiefly to Pines and Larches, but also fre- 
quently to Spruces, and less often to Silver Firs, In these 
trees it produces a condition known as the “Red Rot.” 
The reproductive organs of the Fungus grow out of the 
sides of the trees, as rusty-brown masses of the form 
figured, and are from 3in. to 6in. across; and they con- 
tinue to slowly increase in size for a long time. The wood 
is destroyed by the action of the mycelium of the Fungus. 
The other species of Trametes are not very hurtful. 
Hartig’s T. radiciperda is a synonym of Polyporus annosus, 
which is a most dangerous foe to Conifers, and also, 
though less often, to dicotyledonous trees, destroying the 
roots and trunks. 
Remedies. The treatment required is similar to that 
recommended for Polyporus. 
TRANSPLANTING. The act of removing any 
plant or tree from one situation, and transferring it to 
| another, lifting it bodily, and placing the roots in new 
soil, The operation is one which is of the greatest 
practical utility, and is in daily practice on a most 
extensive scale. Because of the possibility of Trans- 
planting, seedlings may be raised in immense quantities 
im a comparatively small space, and carefully tended in 
the younger stages of growth; plants and trees that are 
gradually developing may be lifted, and allowed additional 
