88 THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
TRIENTALIS (a Latin term, signifying one-third 
of a foot in height; in reference to the stature of the 
plants). Chickweed Wintergreen. ORD. Primulacee. 
A small genus (two species) of highly glabrous, hardy 
herbs, with creeping, perennial rhizomes; one is found in 
Europe, North Asia, and North-west America. Flowers 
white; calyx five to nine-parted, persistent; corolla 
hypogynous, rotate, five to nine-parted, the tube very 
short, the segments elliptic-lanceolate; stamens five to 
nine; peduncles one to three, one-flowered, filiform, 
ebracteate. Leaves usually as many as the petals, some- 
what whorled, obovate-elliptic or lanceolate, entire. 
Stems solitary, slender, erect. These pretty little plants 
require a light, rich soil and a shady situation. Propa- 
gated, in spring, by seeds, covered with a handlight; or 
by divisions. 
. americana (American). Star Flower. fl., divisions of the 
corolla finely acuminate. May. /. lanceolate, acuminate at 
both ends. Stem very naked below, unequally five to nine- 
leaved at the summit, Yin. high. North-west America, 1816. 
Fig. 102. TRIENTALIS EUROPA, showing Habit and detached 
Flower. 
T. europza (European). ji. few, erect; corolla jin. to 3in. in 
diameter, the lobes ovate, acute. June and July. l. obovate 
or obovate-la late, 1łin. ‘to 24in. long, shining, rigid, obtuse 
or acute, narrowed into short petioles. Stem wiry, slender, 
leafy at top, 4in. to 8in. high. Europe (Britain), &c. See Fig. 102. 
(L. B. C. 105; Sy. En. B. 1139.) 
. TRIFARIOUS. Arranged in a triple rank, or in 
three rows. 
TRIFID. Split half-way into three parts. 
TRIFOLIOLATE. Bearing three leaflets from the 
same point; e.g., Clover. 
TRIFOLIUM (from tres, three, and folium, a leaf; 
most of the species have trifoliolate leaves). Clover; 
Trefoil. Including Lupinaster and Pentaphyllon. ORD. 
Legwminose. A large genus (nearly 280 species have 
been deseribed, of which, probably, not more than 150 
are really distinct) of hardy, annual or perennial herbs, 
copiously dispersed over the temperate and sub-tropical 
regions of the Northern hemisphere, a few being also 
found in the mountains of tropical America, Africa, and 
extra-tropical South America. Flowers often purple, 
red, or white, rarely yellow, spicate, capitate, umbellate, 
y solitary; calyx teeth or lobes sub-equal, or the 
Trifolinm—continued. 
lower ones longer; petals often marcescent, all long- 
clawed, or the four lower ones more or less adnate with 
the staminal tube; standard oblong or ovate; wings 
narrow; keel shorter than the wings, obtuse; stamens 
diadelphous. Pod oblong and sub-terete, or obovate- 
compressed, indehiscent. Leaves digitately three, rarely 
five or seven, foliolate, sometimes pinnately three or 
very rarely five-foliolate; stipules adnate with the 
petioles. This genus embraces several important fodder- 
plants. Eighteen species are included within the 
British Flora, viz., T. arvense (Hare’s-foot Clover), 
T. Bocconi, T. “filiforme (Yellow Suckling Clover), T. 
fragiferum (Strawberry Clover), T. glomeratum, T. incar- 
natum (Crimson or Carnation Clover), T. maritimum, 
T. medium (Cow Grass; Meadow or Zigzag Clover), 
T. minus, T. ochroleucum, T. pratense (Red or Broad- 
leaved Clover; Marl-grass), T. procumbens (Hop Trefoil), 
T. repens (White or Dutch Clover ; Shamrock), T. scabrum, 
T., striatum (Knotted Clover), T. strictum, T. subterraneum, 
and T. suffocatum (Sand Clover); and T. hybridum (Alsike 
or Bastard Clover) has become naturalised. Four-leaved 
Shamrocks and other Clovers are considered “lucky,” 
as being rare, but are by no means unfrequently met 
with. Few of. the species of Trifolium boast of much 
horticultural merit; the selection given below embraces 
all that call for description here. All.thrive in common 
garden soil. The annuals and biennials may be increased 
by seeds, and the perennials by divisions. Except where 
otherwise stated, the under-mentioned plants are peren- 
nials. : 
T. alpestre (alpine).* Owl-headed Clover. fl. purple ; lower calyx 
segment longer than the gamopetalous corolla, the rest short and 
tooth-like ; heads globose. June and July. l., leaflets lanceolate, 
coriaceous, ciliately serrulated ; stipules narrow, nearly sessile 
long. Stem erect, simple. h. 6in. to 12in. Alps of Europe and 
Western Asia, 1789. (B. M. 2779.) 
T, cæruleum (blue). A synonym of Trigonella cerulea. 
T, canescens (hoary). fl. cream-coloured; calyx smooth, the 
lowest segment a little longer than the rest; corolla gamo- 
petaloa, much longer than the calyx segments; heads terminal, 
arge, oblong, nearly sessile. May and June. l, leaflets obovate, 
emarginate, villous ; stipules lanceolate-subulate. Stems ascend- 
ing, adpressedly hairy. Cappadocia, &c., 1803. (B. M. 1168.) 
T, fimbriatum (fringed). fl. purple; calyx teeth spiny, half as 
long as the slender corolla ; heads lin. in diameter. September 
and October. l., leaflets oblong or slightly cuneate, lin. or more 
in length, conspicuously fringed with spinulose-setaceous teeth. 
Stems long and thick, prostite; glabrous. North America, 1825. 
(B. R. 1070; L. B. C. 1421.) 
T, fucatum (painted). fl. cream-colour mixed with red; 
corolla many times longer than the calyx ; heads lin. to 2in, in 
diameter, somewhat hemispherical, few-flowered ; uncles 
axillary, mostly longer than the leaves. June. 7, leaflets 
roundish-cuneiform, sharply denticulate, rather thick ; stipules 
large, entire, mucronate. h. 6in. California, 1824. Annual. 
(B. R. 1883.) 
T. hybridum (hybrid). Alsike or Bastard Clover. fl. white or 
rosy, šin. long, drooping; heads axillary, peduncled, globose, 
łin. to lin. in diameter. June to August. l. on long petioles ; 
leaflets obovate or oblong, }in. to lżin. long, toothed; stipules 
oblong, with triangular tips. Stems 2in. to 10in. long, flexuous. 
Europe, &c. (B. M. 3702. 
T, incarnatum (flesh-coloured). Crimson Clover. fi. bright 
searlet, jin. long; calyx hairy; heads peduncled, terminal, 
oveid or cylindric, lin, to 2in, in diameter. June and July. 
l. on short petioles; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, jin. 
to lłin. long; stipules obtuse. Stems rather slender, clothed 
with spreading hairs. A. ift. South Europe, 1640. Annual. 
B. M. 328.) 
T. Lupinaster (Lupinaster).* Bastard Lupine. /l. purple, large, 
the wings and keel paler than the standard ; heads pedunculate, 
b ess, umbellate. June to August. ¿. sessile ; leaflets five, 
linear-lanceolate, sharply toothed, mucronate; stipules broad, 
acuminate. A. Ift, to Tite. Siberia, 1741. (B. M. 879.) albi- 
forum is a white-flowered form. 
T. ery Tong's apiko” oblon A goliawioh ü cory ag ponies 
very : oblong, solitary. s MEG oe ets iry, 
DORG Ikke te, entire; sip = 
Ml 
ules subulate, ae Stem 
erect, hairy. A. lft. Mount Olympus, 1817. (B. M. a 
T. reflexum (reflexed), Buffalo Clover. jl. handsome; standard 
rose-red, broadly ovate; wings and keel white; heads sub- 
umbellate, dense ; about twice the length of the 
heads. April to June. l., leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong, 
