AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 97 
Trollius—continued. 
T. altaicus (Altaian). 1. pale orange or yellow, 2in. in diameter ; 
sepals ten, often fifteen to twenty, broad, obtuse, rarely acute, 
occasionally crenulate; petals five to fifteen, narrow-linear, 
obtuse. ¿. much divided, similar to- those of 7. europeus. 
A. lft. to 1ft. 1857. (R. G. 188.) 
T. americanus (American). A synonym of 7. lagus. 
T. asiaticus (Asiatic). . dark yellow; sepals ten, spreading ; 
etals ten, longer than the stamens. May and June. h. lft. to 
iit. Siberia, 1817. This species closely resembles 7. europeus, 
ny stems are usually one-flowered. (B. M. 235; G. 
T. caucasicus (Caucasian). /i. yellow; petals shorter than the 
stamens. Otherwise this species closely resembles T. asiaticus. 
Caucasus, 1817. 
T. europzeus (European).* Boits; Common Globe Flower ; 
Golden Ball, &c, fl. pale yellow, globose, lin. to l4in. in 
diameter; sepals orbicular, concave; petals oblong, equalli 
the short stamens. June to August. l, radical ones petiolate. 
sub-orbicular, five-partite, the segments cuneate, lo and 
cleft; cauline ones smaller, sessile. Stem 6in. to 2ft. high, 
simple, leafy. Arctic Europe (Britain), &c. See Fig. 109 
(Sy. En. B. 42.) 
T, laxus (loose). fl. pale greenish-yellow or nearly white, twice 
the size of the common Buttercup ; sej five or six, spreading ; 
petals fifteen to twenty-five, inconspicuous, much shorter than 
the stamens. May. l palmately cut. hk. 6in. to Yin. North 
America, 1805. SYN. T. americanus (B. M. 1988; L. B. C. 56). 
T. patulus (spreading). i. golden-yellow; sepals five, spreading ; 
petals one td five, equalling the stamens. h. Sa. to 12in. Siberia, 
1 
. 
TROMOTRICHE. Included under Stapelia (which 
see). 
TROPÆOLEÆ. 
TROPZOLUM (from tropaion, a trophy; the leaves 
are of the form of a buckler, and the flowers resemble 
an êmpty helmet). Golden Nasturtium; Indian Cress ; 
Yellow Larkspur. ORD. Geraniacew. A genus compris- 
ing about thirty-five species of very handsome, twining 
or rarely diffuse, greenhouse or hardy, South American, 
annual or perennial herbs. Flowers orange, yellow, or 
rarely purple or blue, irregular; sepals five, loosely imbri- 
cated or sub-valvate, connate at base, the dorsal one pro- 
duced into a free spur; petals five, or fewer by abortion, 
loosely perigynous, imbricated, the two upper ones more 
or less dissimilar to the rest; stamens eight, free, unequal ; 
peduncles axillary;one-flowered. Fruit consisting of inde- 
hiscent, hardened-fleshy, wrinkled, one-seeded carpels. 
Leaves alternate, peltate or palmately angled, lobed or 
dissected; stipules wanting, or rarely minute. Tropxo- 
lums are mostly familiar twining plants, well adapted for 
growing in pots or planting out in greenhouses, and 
training up rafters, &c. They also succeed well outside 
during summer, but tke foliage will not withstand the 
least frost without injury. For covering arbours, &e., or 
anything which is unsightly, the tall-growing annuals are 
not easily surpassed ; T. Lobbianwm, T. majus; and T. pere- 
grinum are the best for the purpose. The dwarf varieties of 
Tropæolum are beautiful objects for mixed flower borders, 
and for placing in beds by themselves; they are exceed- 
ingly compact and floriferous. The annual species are 
readily raised from seeds, sown in the open border, in any 
moderately rich soil, in spring; or, as is best with T. pere- 
grinum, they may be sown in pots, under glass, hardened 
off, and planted out at the» end of May or beginning 
of June. The double varieties are practically perennials, 
as they t be increased by cuttings, which root readily 
in bottom heat; during winter, the plants must be kept 
in a light, airy situation. The tuberous-rooted section, 
such as T. azwrewm and T. tricolorwm, thrive in sandy peat 
and leaf mould, or in turfy loam and peat, and do best 
under cool-house treatment. They are best grown singly 
in pots, and each plant trained over a little trellis ; when 
in flower, they are exceedingly pretty and interesting. 
When growing, they require plenty of light, and abund- 
ance of water; when the stes die down, the pots should 
be stored away in some dry, cool spot, and water with- 
held until growth recommences, when the tubers must 
Vol, IV. 
Included under Geraniacee. 
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Tropxolum—continued. 
be carefully shaken ont and repotted ; this section may 
be increased from seeds, or by means of cuttings of 
the slender, wiry shoots, which callus and form small 
tubers in one season. T. speciosum requires a constantly 
moist and shaded position in a peat border, and is im- 
patient of disturbance at the roots; it is propagated 
either from seeds, or by division of the long-creeping, 
underground rhizomes, T. polyphyllum likes a warm, 
sunny spot, rather dry than otherwise. Tropwolums do 
not require a very rich soil; they flower more profusely 
if not encouraged to grow over-luxuriantly. 
Except where otherwise stated, the under - mentioned 
species are perennial twiners. 
T. aduncum (hooked). A synonym of T. peregrinum. 
T. albiflorum (white-flowered). fl., petals whitish, within lined 
and dotted with gold and purple, e, plicate, undulated, the 
lower ones very oE and narrowly-unguiculate. Summer. l. 
small, glaucous, digitate ; ~~ three to five. Stems very 
slender, elongated. Peru or Chili. Greenhouse, (F. d. S. 241.) 
T, azureum (azure-blue).* jl, scarcely odorous; petals azure- 
blue, equal, obovate, attenuated into a Jong, greenish-white 
claw, deeply ema te at apex. October. peltate, deeply 
five-lobed ; lobes obovate or obversely lanceolate, the middle one 
larger and mucronate. Chili, 1842. ‘Greenhouse. (B. R. xxviii, 
65; F. d. S. May, 1846; P. M. B. ix, ag i ndiforum is a 
large-flowered form. (F. d. S. 1160; I. H. iii. Be). Gy 
g a (azure-blue), of Hooker. A synonym of T. violæ- 
otium. ; 
T. Beuthii (Beuth’s). jl., calyx segments apiculate, equalling the 
straight spur ; pe yellow ; peduncles orm, twice as long as 
the leaves. June. J. sub-orbicular, deeply peltately cut, pale 
green beneath ; leaflets five or six, obovate, the front one larger, 
ae aeae at apex. Root tuberous, Bolivia, 1850. - 
y. 
. brachyceras (short-horned). fl., calyx segments obtuse ; spur 
very short, obtuse ; petals yellow, conformed. June. l. peltately 
cut ; segments six or seven, oblong-obovate, entire, sessile. Root 
tuberous. Chili, 1830. Half-hardy. . M. 3851; B. R. 1926; 
F. d. S. 368 ; P. M: B. iv. 55; S. B. F. G, ser. ii. 370.) 
T. chrysanthum (golden-flowered). fl., petals golden-yellow, 
the two upper ones cuneate, shorter f the calyx an lined 
below with orange-red veins, the three lower ones longer, 
i fia Summer. /. peltate, orb T- 
tri r, truncate at base, angularl: three-lobed at apex, the 
margins obsoletely r: d-crenate. Naw Grenada, 1874. Green- 
house. (F. d. S. x. 1005; I. H. xix. 102,) 
T. crenatifiorum (crenate-flowered). f., paa yellow, obovate, 
reading, sub-equal, truncate and somewhat bicrenate at apex, 
the two upper ones lined with blood-colour. June, l. peltate, 
Sori orion: five-lobed ; lobes obtuse or retuse, mucronulate, 
Peru, 1844. Greenhouse. (B. M. 4245; F. d. S. 166.) 
T. De (Decker’s). fl., calyx pubescent, longer than 
the straight, scarlet spur ; petals blue, unequal, soothed, taabirlade: 
ciliated ; filaments and anthers blue; style yellow. July. 1. pel- 
tate, triangular, five to seven-lobed, transversely truncate at base. 
Venezuela, 1849. Greenhouse. (B. H, ii., p. ; F. d. S. 490; 
L. & P. F. G. i. 16.) 
T. tatum (digitate-leaved). fl., sepals appendiculate at base ; 
ta Ee EANNA. July. l pa rey five to seven- 
obed; lobes rounded, entire. Venezuela, 1850. Hi annual, 
(R. G. 1146, bearing name of T. Gertnerianum on plate, but 
T, digitatum in letter-press.) v 
T, edule (edible). f., spur acuminate ; gg orange and green, 
beorda: ualling sepals, March. 1. 
arsinat E riy Sobel ; leaflets or segments oblong- 
nceolate, attenuated at both ends, glabrous. Stems terete. 
Chili, 1841. Half-hardy. (B. 248; P. M. B. ix. 127.) 
T, Gertnerianum. See T. digitatum, 
arrattii (Jarratt’s).* fl., calyx t orange-scarlet, spotted 
eo yellow n base ; petals k aa yellow, the two upper ones 
nciled with rich brown ; cels 24in. to 3}in. long. June. 
| alternate, six or seven-lobed; petioles lin. long, slender, 
twining. Santiago, 1836. Greenhouse. (P. M. B. w. 29.) 
T, Lobbianum (Lobb’s).* fl., calyx long-spurred, pilose ; petals 
orange, obovate, the two _— ones entire, scarcely lobed, the 
three lower ones smaller, deeply toothed, fringed below, long- 
clawed. November. l. peltate-orbicular, obscurely lobed, glau- 
; lobes mucronulate ; petioles Pe peduncles) 
Columbia, 1843. Greenhouse.. (B. M. 4097; F. d. S. ii. 3; 
T., L. fimbriatum (fringed). fl., petals fringed. l. lobed. Of 
hybrid origin. (R. H. 1856, p. 101.) 
r (greatest). Great Indian Cress or Nasturtium. 
A rich orange, large and showy, the two — agg marked 
with deep reddish-brown, all obtuse; pedu long. June to 
October. , entire, nearly round peltate, sometimes 
0 
a peltate, six: 
