100 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Truffles—continued. 
the order is called Tuberacei. The structure of the 
order is as follows: The exterior is covered with a layer 
of thickened cells, which incloses a mass of mycelium. In 
Fic. 115. TUBER—Section showing dark Surface Layer and Cavities 
(shaded) in which the Asci and Spores lie. 
this may be cavities (see Fig. 115), lined with a layer of 
cylindrical asci; or the asci may be packed among 
the cells of the mycelium, without cavities. In each 
ascus is a definite number of spores (usually four or 
eight), which are often beautifully marked and ridged, 
and are usually coloured. The Tuberacei thus belong 
to the division Ascomycetes. While young, they are 
fleshy in texture; but when mature, the interior is filled 
with a dusty-brown mass of spores, so that, in this 
stage, they look much like Puff-balls (see Lycoperdon), 
to which, however, they are not nearly related. The 
term Truffle is sometimes employed to denote a second 
group of subterranean Fungi, of very similar appearance, 
named the Hypogwi; but in the latter there are no 
asci, and the spores are produced, singly, on the tips of 
outgrowths from the ends of large cells (basidia), as in 
Mushrooms; but the basidia line internal cavities, instead 
of being exposed on the surface, as in the last-named 
(which see). It is better to restrict the name Truffles 
to the Tuberacei, or to distinguish the latter as the 
‘true Truffles.” They include a considerable number of 
genera, of which a good many are represented in the 
South of England; but they become much rarer north- 
wards, and few reach Scotland. The number of species 
is comparatively small. They vary in size, from about 
din. to 3in. or 4in. in diameter. The genera are dis- 
tinguished by the nature and markings of the outer 
coat (peridium), and by the forms of the asci and spores, 
The chief importance of Truffles arises from the fact 
that several species are highly esteemed as condiments, on 
account of the flavour that they impart to the food with 
-~ which they are cooked. The edible Truffles chiefly belong 
to the genus Tuber, T. estivwm being almost the only 
species sold in English markets. In France and other 
European countries, several other species are also made 
use of, and are even more highly esteemed. The large 
White Truffie (Choiromyces albus) is sometimes employed, 
but is inferior to the genus Tuber. Owing to their con- 
cealed growth, Truffles are very apt to be overlooked; and 
Trufflie-hunters take advantage of the keen sense of smell 
of dogs, or occasionally of pigs, these animals being 
trained to hunt over the ground, and to stop over the spots 
where they scent the Fungi. The plants prefer chalky 
Truffles—continued. 
is usually found in the shade of Beeches though it also 
grows under Birches, Chestnuts, Hazels, Hornbeams, and 
Oaks; and T. macrosporum and T. brumale prefer the 
shade of Oaks. Attempts haye been made to cultivate 
Truffles, or, rather, to A their growth in suitable 
localities. The method found most successful in France 
is to inclose spaces over chalky soils, and to sow them 
with acorns. When the Oaks are about twelve years old, 
Truffles are usually sufficiently abundant in the plantation 
to be worth working; and they continue to be produced 
for twenty or thirty years. It has been observed on 
Salisbury Plain that when plantations of Beeches are 
formed, alone or mixed with Firs, in a few years Truffles 
are to be found in them, and they continue productive 
for from ten to fifteen years. Experiments by watering 
the soil with the washings from sliced Truffles have not 
given decisive results. 
TRUMPET CREEPER. A common name for 
Tecomajgzadicans and other species. 
TR PET FLOWER. 
various large trumpet-shaped flowers; eg., 
Bignonia, Tecoma, &c. 
TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. A common name 
for Lonicera sempervirens (which see). 
TRUMPET LEAF. See Sarracenia. 
TRUMPET LILY. See Richardia africana. 
TRUMPETS. A common name for Sarracenia 
flava (which see). ú 
TRUNCARIA. A synonym of Adelobotrys (which 
see). 
TRUNCATE. Terminating very bluntly and abruptly, 
as if a piece had been broken off. 
TRYMALIUM (from trymalia, a perforation; in 
reference to the small holes atthe. top of the capsule). 
ORD. Rhamnee. A small genus (five species) of Aus- 
tralian, greenhouse shrubs, with the habit and deciduous 
stipules and bracts of Pomaderris, but with a ed 
flowers and a more slender inflorescence. Calyx limb 
five lobed to the base; petals five, hood-shaped, entire 
or three-lobed, but not usually inclosing the anthers; 
stamens five, the filaments rather short; panicles usually - 
A common name for 
those of 
narrow, or the cymes few-flowered. None of the species ` i 
are particularly ornamental. T. Billardieri is grown in 
this country. It thrives in sandy loam and leaf mould, 
and may be ‘increased by cuttings, inserted in a similar 
compost, under a bell glass. 
T. Billardieri (Labillardiere’s). fl. numerous, in loose, narrow, 
terminal panicles 2in. to 6in. long. l. sometimes broadly ovate 
or obovate, very obtuse, lin. to 2in. long, sometimes ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, 2in. to 3in. long, entire 
or crenate, glabrous or pubescent above, white hoary, or villous 
beneath. A tall shrub. : 
TRYPHZENA (from a Greek proper name). Also 
written Triphena. A genus of Night-moths, nearly 
related to Noctua (which see) and Agrotis; but the 
species are readily distinguished from those of both 
genera by the hind wings, which are yellow or orange, 
with a black band near the hind margin, from which it 
is separated only by a fringe similar in colour to the area 
of the wings. There is usually a dark, crescentic mark 
near the middle of each hind wing. These moths are 
well known to amateur entomologists as the * Yelow- 
Underwings.” The fore wings are rather narrow, and 
vary in ground-colour from grey to olive-green or rich 
umber-brown. Their front margin is sometimes pale; | 
and there are several narrow cross-bars (some paler and 
others darker than the ground-colour), and two spots 
| near the middle of each wing outlined with grey. There 
- soils, and there seems to be a connection between the | are six British species, varying from l}in. to 2}in. in 
. various species and certain trees. For example, T, estivwm | 
spread of front wings. They differ, also, in the breadth 
