AN ENCYCLOPADIA 
109 
OF HORTICULTURE. 
Turf—continued. 
9in.) are readily fitted together, and are often preferable 
to 3ft. lengths. All the interstices should be filled in 
with fine soil, swept with a birch broom, and then the 
whole surface may be rammed or beaten with a turf- 
beater. It is important to get newly-laid Turf consoli- 
dated, and the pieces all fitted together, while the 
ground is moist. If from any cause Turf should have 
to be laid late in spring, or during summer, it often 
becomes dried up, and the pieces separate from each 
other; the work should not, therefore, be left until 
those seasons, if it can be avoided. It is of little use 
watering from the top in summer, but new Turf may 
be more readily re-established at that season by watering 
the ground first, and then laying the sods on the top. 
: TURF-BEATER, or TURF-BEETLE. This is 
used for beating the surface of newly-laid turf, to con- 
solidate and render it level. A Turf-beater may easily 
acer 
Fic, 127. TURF-BEATER. 
be made from a flat, oblong piece of wood 3in. thick. A 
strong handle should be fixed into the centre of the upper 
side at an angle sufficiently acute to allow the Beater 
to be brought down flat on the turf when in use (see 
Fig. 127). * 
FiG. 128. TURF-SPADE. 
ete 
TURF-RASER. A useful implement where a large 
quantity of turf has to be cut; it is employed for 
marking out the proper width for cutting in strips, 
and is used by a person who works in advance of others 
lifting the turf. A very simple form, but still one which 
answers most effectually, consists of an ordinary wooden 
handle with the point of an old scythe fixed into one 
end of it, at nearly or quite a right angle. This blade 
cuts into the turf at a uniform depth, and is guided 
along a line by the workman using it. 
TURF-SCRAPER. A Scraper, made of wood. or 
iron, similar to those used for roads, answers equally 
well for scraping lawns when worm-casts or ant-hillocks 
abound. A Turf-scraper is not, as a rule, otherwise 
required. 
TURF-SPADE, or TURFING-IRON. An im- 
plement used for lifting turf that has previously been 
cut through with an edging-iron or a turf-raser. It has 
a bent handle, and a heart-shaped, flat blade (see Fig. 
128), and is much handier for the purpose than an ordinary 
spade, as, if properly used, any quantity of turf may be 
cut of about a uniform thickness. 
TURF-WALES. Walks formed of turf instead of 
gravel, stones, or other hard substances. They require 
in formation exactly the same preparation as lawns, 
with, of course, the width limited. Occasionally, but not 
very frequently, Turf-walks are introduced into kitchen 
gardens. 
TURGID. Swollen; puffed up. 
TURGOSEA. Included under Crassula. 
TURIO. A scaly sucker, which afterwards becomes 
a stem, as in Asparagus. 
TURKEY CORN. A popular name for Dicentra 
formosa (which see). 
TURKEY OAK. See Quercus Cerris. 
TURKE’S CAP. See Melocactus communis. 
TURK’S HERB. An old name for Herniaria 
glabra (which see). 
TURMERIC. See Curcuma. 
TURMERIC ROOT. A common name for Hy- 
drastis canadense (which see). 
TURNERA (dedicated by Linneus to the memory 
of William Turner, author of a “New Herbal,” 1551; 
he died in 1568). Including Piriqueta. ORD. Turneracee. 
A genus comprising about seventy species of stove herbs, 
sub-shrubs, or shrubs, all tropical American, with the 
exception of one found in South Africa. Flowers yellow, 
axillary, solitary, rarely racemose or fascicled; calyx 
five-parted; petals five, inserted in the throat of the 
calyx; stamens five, inserted below the petals; peduncles 
free or connate with the petioles. Leaves scattered, 
entire, serrated, or sub-pinnatifid, often biglandular at 
base. Most of the Turneras have a weedy aspect, but 
those here given are rather pretty subjects when in 
flower. They thrive in any light soil. ~ Propagation may 
be effected by seeds, which are freely produced; the 
shrubby species may also be increased by cuttings, inserted 
under a hand glass, in heat; and the herbaceous peren- 
nials either by cuttings or by divisions. 
T, trioniflora (Ketmia-flowered). A synonym of T, ulmifolia 
Jans. 
T, ulmifolia (Elm-leaved).* West Indian Holly or Sage Rose. 
fl. almost sessile, about the size of those of Reinwardtia tri- 
gynum; peduncles bibracteate, connate with the petioles. 
June to September. l. oblong, acute, serrated, pubescent above, 
white-tomentose beneath, biglandular at base. h. 2ft. to 4ft. 
HT) America, 1733. Perennial herb. See Fig. 129. (B. M. 
