144 



Distinctions. Only to be mistaken for the Nighthawk or the very rare Chuck-will'e 

 Widow. It is easily distinguished from the Nighthawk by the following points: th; 

 throat is dark instead of white; there is a narrow white collar across the base of the throats 

 the final half of the tail feathers, except the middle pair, is white in the male and tipped 

 with buffy white in the female. The spread wing shows no white spot. 



Nesting. Eggs are laid directly upon the ground or on dead leaves. 



Distribution. Common throughout most of the settled parts of eastern Canada, 

 scarcer in the extreme east, and more common in undisturbed than in highly cultivated 

 sections. 



SUBSPECIES. Two subspecies of Whip-poor-wiU are recognized in North America, 

 of which the Eastern Whip-poor-will, the type form, is the only one occurring in Canada. 



There is no other sound in the Canadian woods as poetically mournful 

 as the reiterated call of the Whip-poor-will. The translation of bird 

 notes into words usually requires a stretch of the imagination, but this 

 bird says "Whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will" with unusual distinctness. 

 For a calling station it selects a perch on a fallen tree-trunk, a bare branch, 

 the roof of a building, or even a tent pole. It returns to its various stations 

 regularly on successive nights and seems to visit each in turn. Between 

 periods of calling the bird hawks and wheels through the tree tops in 

 large interlacing circles, sometimes swooping towards the ground in a long 

 pendulum-like swing. In the daytime it seeks the ground in some quiet 

 patch of underbrush where it passes the time at rest. When disturbed 

 by an intruder it rises with a loose, poorly controlled flight that gives no 

 indication of its wonderful command of the air at other times, flutters 

 a short distance over the tangle, and drops again to earth. 



The Whip-poor-will is often regarded as identical with the Nighthawk. 

 This is a not unnatural mistake when they are not seen side by side as 

 they are quite similar enough to be confused. 



Economic Status. The Whip-poor-will feeds largely upon night- 

 flying beetles, especially May beetles or June bugs. 



420. Nighthawk. mosquito hawk, bull-bat. night-jar. fr. — l'engoulevent 

 d'amer.ique. Chordeiles virginianns. L, 10. Plate XXI A. 



D htindions. The Nighthawk and the Whip-poor-will are often mistaken for one 

 another. This species, however, can be distinguished from the Whip-poor-will by the 

 following characters: the throat is white instead of dark, there is no white collar below 

 the throat, and the long mouth-bristles are lacking. The tail is slightly forked instead 

 of round and has little or no white except a narrow subterminal bar. The underparts 

 are distinctly barred and the wings have a white spot at the base of the primaries instead 

 of being all black. 



Field Marks. The Nighthawk flies about in daylight and in the early evening, 

 whereas the Whip-poor-will never hawks about in the open mitil evening. A white spot 

 in the wing shows in flight very plainly, resembling from a little distance a clear cut shot 

 hole. The sudden and perpendicular dive in the air with hollow booming accompaniment 

 is also distmctive of the species. 



Nesting. A clear spot on the ground — usually the bald tops of flat rocks in the open. 

 Eggs laid directly on ground with httle or no preparation. Often utihzes the flat gravel 

 roofs of buildings. 



Distribution. North and South America, north to the tree hmits, breeding in Canada 

 wherever found. 



SUBSPECIES. Several subspecies of Nighthawks are recognized in Canada, but 

 the only form occurring in the east is the Eastern Nighthawk, the type form. 



Though called Nighthawk this bird has no relation to the Raptores 

 in habit, structure, or outward appearance. Its large eyes directed slightly 

 forward sometimes causes it to be mistaken for an owl by casual observers. 

 This species nests to some extent on the flat gravel roofs of buildings. 



