EXTERIOR PARTS OF BIRDS 



139 



feathers, either in size, shape, or texture, or all three of these 

 (jualities ; as the singularly elegant dorsal plumes of many herons. 

 Individual feathers of the notoeum are generally pennaceous, and 

 for the most part straight and lanceolate ; and as a whole lie 

 smoothly shingled or imhricated. The ventral feathers are usually 

 more largely jilumulaceous, and less flat and imbricated, but even 



Fir,. 25. — Tojiography of a Bird. 1, forehead (/rojis). 2, lore. 3, circumoeular region. 4, 

 crown (vertex). 5, eye. 6, hind head (occiput). 7, nape (nucha). 8, hind neck (cervix). 9, side 

 of neck. 10, interscapular region. 11, dorsum, or back proper, including 10. 12, nota'um, or 

 upper part of body proper, including 10, 11, and 13. 13, rump (uropygima). 14, upper tail- 

 covej'ts. 15, tail. 16, under tail-coverts (crissum). 17, tarsus. IS, aladotnen. 19, hind toe 

 (halhix). 20, gastrceum, including 18 and 24. 21, outer or fourth toe. 22, middle or third toe. 

 23, side of the body. 24, breast (pectus). 25, primaries. 26, secondaries. 27, tertiaries ; Nos. 

 25, 26, 27 are all remiges. 28, primary coverts. 29, alula, or bastard wing. 30, gi-eater coverts. 

 31, median coverts. 32, lesser coverts. 33, the " throat," including 34, 37, 38. 34, jugulum or 

 lower throat. 35, auriculars. 36, malar region. 37, gnla, or middle throat. 38, mentum, or 

 chin. 39, angle of commissure, or corner of mouth. 40, ramus of under mandible. 41, side 

 of under mandible. 42, gomjs. 43, apex, or tip of bill. 44, toviia, or cutting edges of the bill. 

 45, culmen, or ridge of upper mandible, corresponding to gonys. 46, side of upper mandible. 

 47, nostril. 48 passes across the bill a little in front of its hasc. 



more compact, that is, thicker, than those of the upper parts ; 

 especially among water birds, where they are more or less curly, 

 and very thick-set. There are subdivisions of the 



Notseum. — Beginning where the neck ends, and ending where 

 the tail-coverts begin (see Fig. 25, 12), this part of a bird is sub- 

 divided into hack (Lat. dorsum ; Fig. 25, 11) and rum}) (Lat. uropy- 

 giuni ; Fig. 25, 13). These are in direct continuation of each other, 



