Bacteria and Viruses 61 



Rule 11. SecN 3. Publication of Names 



RULE 11. Publication is effected, under this Code, by sale or distribution of 

 printed matter to the general public or to bacteriological institutions. No 

 other kind of publication is accepted as effective (effective publication); 

 communication of new names at a public meeting or scientific conference 

 does not constitute effective publication. 



Where reprints or separates from periodicals or other v^^orks are placed 

 on sale or issued in advance, the date on the separate is accepted as the 

 date of effective publication unless there is evidence that it is erroneous. 



The date of acceptance of an article for publication as given in a publi- 

 cation does not indicate the effective date of publication and has no signifi- 

 cance in determination of priority of publication of names. 



ANNOTATIONS 



Rule 11. The text of the Botanical Code (Art. 29) is similar. The 

 reference to influence of date of acceptance on date of publication 

 Art. 30 states: 



The date of effective publication is the date on Avhich the printed 

 matter became available as defined in Art. 29. 

 The Art. 29 reads: 



Publication on and after 1 Jan. 1953 of a new name in tradesmen's 

 catalogues or in general and non-scientific newspapers, even if ac- 

 companied by a Latin diagnosis, does not constitute effective publi- 

 cation. 

 There is also a pertinent Recommendation: 



Botanists and others are urged scrupulously to avoid publishing 

 new names or descriptions in ephemeral publications, in popular 

 periodicals, in any publication unlikely to reach the general botani- 

 cal public, in those produced by such methods that their penna- 

 nence is unlikely, or in abstracting journals. 

 Publication of names in botany cannot be effected by the issue of 

 microfilm made from manuscripts, typescripts or other unpublished 

 material. 



Zoological Rules. The zoologists have distinguished between 

 publication before 1951 and after 1950. The designation "duly pub- 

 lished" is used apparently as the equivalent to "effectively published" 

 in the Bacteriological and Botanical Codes. A name is duly pub- 

 lished before 1951 only if it meets two requirements: 



(1) The document containing the name must have been repro- 

 duced by printing or other mechanical method that ensured 

 that every copy is identical with every other copy. 



(2) The document must have been issued for purposes of record 

 and consultation, and not for the sole consideration by special 

 persons, nor for particular purposes, nor for a limited time. 



The above requirements must be met by a name published after 

 1950, but, in addition, the publication must have been reproduced 

 with ink on paper sufficiently durable to offer reasonable prospect 

 of permanence. 



