78 International Code of Nomenclature 



Recommendations 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e. Citation of Authors and Names 



RECOMMENDATION 16a. When citing a name published as a synonym, the 

 words "as synonym" or "pro synon." should be added to the citation. 



When an author has published as a synonym a name from a manuscript 

 of another author, the word ex should be used to connect the names of the 

 two authors. 



RECOMMENDATION 16b. When citing in synonymy a name invalidated by 

 an earlier homonym, the citation should be followed by the name of the 

 author of the earlier homonym preceded by the word "non", preferably with 

 the date of publication added. In some instances, it will be advisable to cite 

 also any later homonym or homonyms. 



RECOMMENDATION 16c. In the citation of a nomen nudum, its status should 

 be indicated by adding nom. nud. 



RECOMMENDATION 16d. If a generic name antedated by one of its synonyms 

 or by a homonym is accepted as a nomen conservondum, the abbreviation 

 nom. cons, should be added to the citation. 



RECOMMENDATION 16e. Names cited in synonymy should be spelled 

 exactly as published by their authors. If any explanatory words are re- 

 quired, these should be inserted in brackets. If a name is adopted with 

 alterations from the form as originally published, it is desirable that in full 

 citations the exact original form should be appended. 



ANNOTATIONS 



Recommendation 16a. This is essentially the same as the correspond- 

 ing Recommendation in the Botanical Code. Search has thus far 

 revealed no good example in bacteriology. That given in the Botani- 

 cal Code may illustrate. 



Example: Myrtus serratus is a species name used in a manuscript 

 by Koenig. It was published by Steudel as a synonym of Eugenia 

 laurina Willd. It should be cited as Myrtus serratus Koenig ex 

 Steudel, Nomencl. 321 (1 82 1) pro. syn. 



Recommendation 16b. Thaxter (1892) published the name Myxo- 

 coccus for a genus of bacteria. Gonnerman (1907) later proposed 

 Myxococcus as the name of another genus of bacteria. The name 

 given by Gonnerman should be cited as: Myxococcus Gonnerman 

 1907 non Thaxter 1892. 



Guillebeau 1890 proposed the generic name Chlorobacterium; 

 Lauterborn 1915 proposed the same name for another genus of bac- 

 teria. The citation of the latter should be Chlorobacterium Lauter- 

 born 1915 non Chlorobacterium Guillebeau 1890. 



