STABLE MANURES AND FECAL RESIDUES 23 



Pathogenic bacteria may also occur frequently in human feces and 

 in stable manure j Alycobacter'min tuberculosis and various hemolytic 

 streptococci (830), as well as pathogenic anaerobes including Clos- 

 tridium voelchiiy Clostridium se-pticum^ Clostridium^ oedematis y and 

 Clostridium jallax have been found (468). 



The protozoa capable of developing in manure and in urine include 

 not only saprophytic forms but also certain parasites, such as Tricho- 

 mastric and Trichomonas^ capable of living and even of multiplying 

 in excreta. The coprophilic protozoa comprise various flagellates, cer- 

 tain amebae, and ciliates. The liquid part of the manure is considerably 

 richer than the solid in total number of protozoa as well as in species, 

 including Polytoma uvella^ Cryftochilum nigricans y and Tetramitus 

 rostratus. These protozoa nearly all feed upon bacteria. The infusoria 

 may feed upon smaller protozoa, so that forms like Colpidium may not 

 destroy bacteria at all. 



Human and animal excreta also contain a large population of fungi, 

 chiefly in a spore state. Schmidt (801) divided the manure-inhabiting 

 fungi into three groups : 



Those found only in manure ; their spores are swallowed with the feed, 

 and they pass unchanged through the digestive tract, though they 

 are favorably influenced toward germination by the body heat and 

 digestive fluids of the animal. Their natural multiplication by spores 

 is impossible without the physiological action of the digestive proc- 

 esses. 



Those that do not have to pass through the digestive tract of an animal in 

 order to germinate and develop. The representatives of this group 

 occur in nature only in manure, although some are able to grow also 

 on other substrates. They can be cultivated both on manure and on 

 other media, mostly at ordinary temperatures. 



Organisms found both in manure and on other substrates. They grow 

 readily at room temperature on a number of media. 



Composition and Decomposition 



The chemical composition of human and animal excreta, and of 

 stable manures in general, varies considerably, depending on the nature 

 of the animal, its age, mode of nutrition, and composition of food- 



