MALARIA IN GENERAL 349 



(1922) from studies of chimpanzees in West Africa. Alalarial 

 infections in monkeys may be acute or chronic as in man. Quinine 

 appears to be effective against them. Efforts to infect mosquitoes 

 by feeding them on malarious monkeys have thus far failed. 



A number of cross-infection experiments have been attempted 

 to test the host-parasite specificity of the malarial organisms of 

 monkeys and man. Halberstadter and Prowazek (1907), were able 

 to transfer P. pitJicci from orang to orang but not to lower mon- 

 keys, and P. inni from one Macaciis monkey to another but not to 

 orangs. Mayer (1908) reports successful inoculations of P. 

 cynomolgi into Macaciis cyuoiuolgtis, M. rhesus and a Cercopi- 

 thccus monkey. Leger and Bouilliez (1912) were able to infect 

 four species of Macaciis, three species of Cercopithecus, and Papio 

 anabis with P. iniii, but failed to infect C. fuliginosus and two 

 chimpanzees. Efforts to infect man with blood from monkeys 

 have not succeeded; Gonder and Rodenwaldt (1910) attempted 

 to parasitize two human beings with P. kochi, and Blacklock and 

 Adler (1922) failed to infect man by subcutaneous and intraven- 

 ous injections of malarious blood from chimpanzees. Mesnil and 

 Roubaud (1917, 1920) claim to have infected a chimpanzee with 

 human blood containing P. vivax, but attempts by other investiga- 

 tors to transfer infections from man to monkeys have failed (for 

 example, Blacklock and Adler, 1924). It is obvious from all this 

 that we do not know at present whether the malarial parasites of 

 monkeys and man belong to the same species or not. Further 

 investigations are desirable. 



^Malarial parasites have been recorded from other mammals 

 including buffaloes in India, duikers in Nyasaland, goats in Angola 

 and dogs and horses in Colombo. Among the smaller mammals, 

 bats seem to be particularly susceptible to malaria. A number of in- 

 vestigators have described several species from these animals. 

 Other small mammals in which malarial parasites have been dis- 

 covered are the jumping rat in the Belgian Congo, squirrels in 

 Asia and zorillas in Senegal. 



The most easily obtainable of all plasmodia in regions where 

 human malaria does not exist are the species that occur in birds. 

 According to Huff (1927) infections have been noted in at least 

 seventy-nine species of birds. These belong to at least fifteen fami- 

 lies included in the orders anseres, paludicol.?:, columb.^, rap- 

 tores, Pici, PASSERES, and others. More species of the order 



