XVI CONTENTS 



III. The Oxidation and Metabolism of Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, and 

 Glycerol in the Animal Body (continued) 



(g) Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzyme 108 



(h) /3-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase System 109 



(i) General Considerations in Fatty Acid Oxidase Systems. . . 109 



b. Lipoxidase 1 10 



(a) Introduction 110 



(b) Distribution of Lipoxidase Ill 



(c) Acids Effective as Substrates 112 



(d) Isolation of Pure Lipoxidase 113 



(e) Properties of Lipoxidase 113 



(f ) The Mechanism of Action of Lipoxidase 115 



a'. Coupled Reactions 116 



c. Dehydrogenase Systems 117 



(a) a,/3-Deh3^drogenases 117 



(b) 9,10-Dehydrogenases 118 



a'. Preparation and Activation 118 



b'. The Distribution of 9,10-Dehydrogenase 119 



(3) Pathways of Fatty Acid Oxidation 119 



(4) The Metabolism of the Ketone Bodies 120 



a. Introduction 120 



(a) Historical Development 121 



(b) The Relationship of Ketonuria to the Fattj- Acid: Glucose 



Ratio 122 



b. Sources of Ketone Bodies in the Animal 124 



(a) Formation from Even-Chain Fatty Acids 124 



(b) Formation from Acetic Acid 126 



(c) Formation from Butyric Acid 126 



(d) Formation from Odd-Chain Fatty Acids 128 



(e) Formation from Branched-Chain Acids 130 



(f) Formation from Amino Acids 130 



a'. Leucine 130 



b'. Norleucine 133 



c'. Isoleucine 134 



d'. Valine 134 



e'. Isovaline 135 



f. Tyrosine and Phenylalanine 135 



g'. Miscellaneous Amino Acids 136 



(g) Formation from Pyruvate 136 



(h) Formation from Dicarboxylic Acids 138 



c. Conditions Resulting in Ketonuria 139 



(a) Fasting 139 



(b) The Ingestion of a Protein-Fat Diet 140 



(c) Diabetes Mellitus 140 



(d) Pancreatic Diabetes and Alloxan Diabetes 141 



(e) Phlorhizin Diabetes 141 



(f) Alkalosis, Acidosis, and Ketosis 142 



