206 III. OXIDATION AND METABOLISM 



later study, McKibbin, Ferry, and Stare^^'' modified the stabilizer by add- 

 ing disodium phosphate and sometimes cholesterol to the soybean phos- 

 phatides. Meng and Freeman'^^^ tested Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate 

 (0.5%)), Asolectin (a pure soya phosphatide) (0.4%) and sodium cholate 

 (0.1%), while supersonic radiation has been reported to produce a satis- 

 factory and relatively permanent fat emulsion.''''^ Geyer et alJ'^'' described 

 a high-pressure method for producing fat emulsions containing droplets 

 with a diameter of less than 2 /x. In the recent assays on toxicity of fat 

 emulsions, Geyer and co-workers'^"*^ employed rats. A turbidimetric 

 method was used for the determination of fat in the blood. This method 

 gives satisfactory results in testing the blood of the dog, rat, and rabbit.''*^ 



(c) Results Obtained with Recent Fat Emulsions. Collins et al?^^ obtained 

 satisfactory results with a 30% fat emulsion (3 Cal./ml.), which can be 

 given rapidly to adult dogs. However, when the emulsion was stabilized 

 with Asolectin, granulomatous lesions resulted; these were not related to 

 the amount of fat given. Gorens and associates''^^ successfully prevented 

 weight loss in patients, and maintained a positive nitrogen and potassium 

 balance over a period as long as twenty-seven days by the daily injection of 

 a 15% fat emulsion (1600 calories per liter) into patients at dosages of 3 g. 

 of fat per kg. body weight in the adults and twice this ratio in the case of an 

 infant. This same emulsion had been widely tested on rats, dogs, and cats 

 prior to its use on human subjects.''^- More recently, Neptune, Geyer, and 

 others'^^^ administered 64 infusions of a liter or more of 15% fat emulsions 

 to nine patients; the fat was found to be rapidly cleared from the blood 

 stream. 



Several recent studies of the utilization of fat by the intravenous route 

 have involved the use of fats labeled with isotopes. Geyer, Chipman, and 



'^^J. M. McKibbin, R. M. Ferry, Jr., and F. J. Stare, /. Clin. Invest., 26, 679-686 

 (1946). 



'« H. C. Meng and S. Freeman, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 33, 689-707 (1948). 



'« R. J. Myers and H. Blumberg, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 35, 79-84 (1936). 



^"^ R. P. Geyer, G. V. Mann, and F. J. Stare, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 33, 153-162 (1948). 



^<8 R. P. Geyer, G. V. Mann, J. Young, T. D. Kinney, and F. J. Stare, /. Lab. Clin. 

 Med., 33, 163-174 (1948). 



'« R. P. Geyer, G. V. Mann, and F. J. Stare, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 33, 175-180 (1948). 



™ H. S. Collins, L. M. Kraft, T. D. Kinney, C. S. Davidson, J. Young, and F. J. 

 Stare, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 33, 143-152 (1948). 



751 S. W. Gorens, R. P. Geyer, L. W. Matthews, and F. J. Stare, /. Lab. Clin. Med., 34, 

 1627-1633 (1949). 



'52 G. V. Mann, R. P. Geyer, D. M. Watkin, and F. J. Stare, /. Lab. Clin. Med., 34, 

 699-712 (1949). 



753 E. M. Neptune, R. P. Geyer, I. M. Saslaw, and F. J. Stare, Surg. Gynecol. ObsteL, 92, 

 365-369(1951). 



