320 VII. ACIDS, AMIDES, ALDEHYDES AND HYDROCARBONS 



distribution in fruit and vegetable waxes and in insect waxes. n-Eicosane 

 (C22H42) was first reported in red-berry bryony oil {Bryonia dioica), in 

 1892, by Etard.^2^ It has been more recently reported in laurel berry fat 

 {Laurus spp.)^-^ and in parsley seed oil (Petroselinum sativum) .'^^^ 



n-Pentacosane (C25H52), and the C27, C29, and C3] normal hydrocarbons, 

 were recorded in beeswax (Apis mellifica), by Chibnall and Piper, ^-^ ^j. 

 though the C25-hydrocarbon has not been identified in plant waxes, n- 

 Heptacosane (C27H56) was found not only in apple cuticle wax,i22,i27,i28 

 but also in carnauba wax (Copernicia cerifera).^- n-Nonacosane (C29H60) 

 has been identified in cabbage lipids, ^-^'^^^ in apple peel wax,i^°'i^i in pear 

 wax,^^i in grapefruit peel wax,^^^ in Bing cherry skin wax (Prunus avium 

 L.),^'^ and in brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera).'^^'^ Chibnall 

 and Piper^22 ^Iso noted the presence of nonacosane in the non-cuticular leaf 

 waxes of cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), Swede turnip or rutabaga 

 (Brassica napobrassica) , white mustard (Brassica hirta, Sinapis alba), and 

 tobacco (Nicotiana iabacum). 



n-Hentriacontane (C31H64) has a similarly wide distribution in plants, 

 which include brussels sprouts,^^^ cabbage lipids, ^^^-^^^ grapefruit peel 

 wax/^2 and spinach lipids (Spinacia oleracea) .^^^-^^^ Chibnall and Piper^-- 

 likewise listed n-hentriacontane as a component of the leaf cuticle wax 

 from candelilla or wax slipperflower (Pedilanthus pavonis), and in such 

 non-cuticular leaf waxes as Swede turnip, white mustard, and tobacco. 

 The presence of this Csi-hydrocarbon in Chinese insect wax (Coccus cerif- 

 erus) was observed by Collins. ^^^ 



n-Tritriacontane (CssHes) has been found in candelilla wax,^'- as well as 

 in cactus and tobacco leaf waxes. ^^^ The Css-hydrocarbon, pentatriacon- 



1"^ A. Etard, Comvt. rend., 114, 364-366 (1892). 



125 H. Matthes and H. Sander, Arch. Pharm., 246, 165-177 (1908). 



126 H. Matthes and W. Heintz, Ber. deut. pharm. Ges., 19, No. 9, 325-328 (1909). 



1" A. C. Chibnall, S. H. Piper, A. Pollard, J. A. B. Smith, and E. F. WilHams, Bio- 

 chein. J., 25, 2095-21 10 (1931). 



128 A. C. Chibnall, S. H. Piper, A. Pollard, J. A. B. Smith, E. F. Williams, and P. N. 

 Sahai, Biochem. J., 28, 2189-2208 (1934). 



129 D. L. Collison and I. Smedley-MacLean, Biochem. J., 25, 606-613 ri931). 



130 K. S. Markley and C. E. Sando, J. Biol. Chem., 101, 431 (1933). 



1" K. S. Markley, S. B. Hendricks, and C. E. Sando, /. Biol. Chem., 98, 103-107 

 (1932); .?2i, 135-146(1935). 



"2 K. S. Markley, E. K. Nelson, and M. S. Sherman, /. Biol. Chem., 118, 433-441 

 (1937). 



"3 K. S. Markley and C. E. Sando, J. Biol. Chem., 119, 641-645 (1937). 



13^ P. N. Sahai and A. C. Chibnall, Biochem. J., 26, 403-412 (1932). 



13* J. Ozaki, J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 6, 773-782 (1930); Chem. Abst., 25, 2754 

 (1931). 



i3« F. J. E. Collins, ./. Soc. Chem. Ind., 54, 33-35 T (1935). 



