STORAGE OF CAKOTENOIDS AND OF VITAMINS A 489 



larvae, and in the chrysalids of Lepidoptera in 1885, by Poulton,''''^ while 

 Meyer^^^ reported carotenes in the heniolymph of nine families of Lepidop- 

 tera. jS-Carotene alone was found to exist in the hemolymph and fat bodies 

 of a grayish-yellow, spotted, leaf-eating butterfly {Caradrina quadripunc- 

 tata), as well as in the intestine and pupae of the white cabbage butterfly 

 {Pieris brassicae (rapae)) and of the nettle tortoise-shell butterfly (Vanessa 

 uriicae). Manunta*^" stated that the hemolymph and the h^TDodermis of 

 the lemon, rose, and orange strains of the silk-worm contained both caro- 

 tenes and xanthophylls. The carotenoids of P. brassicae were identified 

 as a-carotene and taraxanthin/^^ 



The clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella) belongs in the same category as 

 the flour beetle or meal worm {Tenebrio molitor), since it also does not re- 

 quire carotenoids, nor does it synthesize any on a carotenoid-free diet. 

 Poulton^^'^ observed a definite relationship between the coloration of this 

 and of other species and the diet. For example, the aromatic butterfly 

 (Sphinx (Hyloicus) ligustri) larvae fed on ash leaves were grayish green; 

 those raised on privet had a bright yellow ground color with red-puiple 

 stripes, and those fed on lilac were vivid purple to brownish. Similar 

 color mutations were observed in blue-green caterpillars of the alfalfa 

 butterfl}^ or orange-sulphur (Colzas (Eurymus) philodice) at different times 

 of the year, corresponding to changes in the food available. '^^^ Manunta*^^ 

 found that the hemolymph of the yellow-blood species of the Chinese silk- 

 worm (Bombyx mori) contained 100 to 150 times as much carotene as did 

 the white species. The xanthophylls were present in larger porportions 

 than were the carotenes. At the time of metamorphosis the pigments 

 pass from the blood to the silk glands, and are found in the cocoon. The 

 blood of the Japanese green silkworm (Theophila mandarina) contains 

 traces of carotenoids. ^^^ However, on some yellow and green hybrid races 

 of silkworm, Manunta found no carotenes but only xanthophylls.'*^* 



c". Hemiptera. Two members of this group obtain their carotenoids 

 second-hand from other insects. Palmer and Knight'*^^ reported that a bi- 

 oculate predaceous bug (Perillus bioculatus Fabr.) obtains its carotenoid, 

 which is probably jS-carotene, by sucking the hemolymph of the larval and 



«8 E. B. Poulton, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 38, 269-315 (1885). 



«s P. F. Meyer, Z. vergleich. Physiol, 11, 173-209 (1930). 



«" C. Manunta, Alti soc. nat. e mat. Modena, 65, 88-93 (1934). 



**' C. Manunta, Atti accad. Italia (Rome), Rend, classe sci. fis. e. nat., 3, 151-153 

 (1941). 



«2 J. H. Gerould, J. Exptl. Zool, 34, 385-415 (1921). 



*83 C. Manunta, .4/^/ accad. naz. Lincei, [6], 18, No. 11, 513-515 (1933); Boll. soc. ital. 

 sper., 8, 1278-1282 (1933); Man. accad. naz. Lincei, [6], 6, 75-161 (1935). 



