720 XI. VITAMINS E (tocopherols) 



been noted in the foal.-^* Other young animals which are susceptible to 

 this deficiency are puppies, '-^^ mink,-^® kids,-"-^^^ chicks, -^^ and ducklings. -^'^ 

 The guppy fish has also been found to develop similar deficiency symp- 

 toms. ^^^--^^ Weanling rats on a diet low in vitamin E but exhibiting no 

 paralysis, and rats which have recovered spontaneously from paralysis, 

 usually present considerable muscle damage on histologic examina- 

 tion 242,243,246 



In a study of late-lactation paralysis, which can be produced experi- 

 mentally in the calf, and which compares with the so-called "white muscle" 

 disease of this species, Blaxter and associates'^* '-^^"^^^ considered the 

 various factors which hifluence the development of this condition. It was 

 found to be accentuated by adding cod liver oil to the diet, and it was 

 prevented by treatment with a-tocopherol. This is also true for other 

 herbivora such as the guinea pig, rabbit, and goat. For a detailed review, 

 the reader is referred to the paper of Blaxter and Brown. ^^^ 



(b) Adult or Chronic Muscle Dystrophij. Goettsch and Pappenheimer^^ 

 were the first to produce nutritional dystrophy experimentally, and to 

 recognize the nature of the disorder. They used guinea pigs and rabbits 

 as their experimental animals. These species, hi common with other 

 herbivorous animals, are especially sensitive to this condition. It was 

 not until ten years later that the Mackenzies and McCollum-^^~-^^ es- 



2^4 T. C. Jones a,nd W. O. Reed, /. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 113, 170-175 (1948). 



255 H. D. Anderson, C. A. Elvehjem, and J. E. Gonce, Jr., Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 

 42, 750-755 (1939). 



256 K. E. Mason and G. R. Hartsough, /. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 119, 72-75 (1951). 



257 L. L. Madsen, C. M. McOay, and L. A. Maynard, Proc Soc Exptl Biol. Med., SO, 

 1434-1438(1933). 



258 L. L. Madsen, C. M. McCay, and L. A. Maynard, Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. 

 Mem., 178, 3-53 (1935). 



259 H. Dam, I. Prange, and E. Sondergaard, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., 81, 172-184 

 (1952). 



260 A. M. Pappenheimer and M. Goettsch, /. Exptl. Med., 59, 35-42 (1934). 



26» K. L. Blaxter, P. S. Watts, and W. A. Wood, Brit. J. Nutrition, 6, 125-144 (1952). 



262 A. M. MacDonald, K. L. Blaxter, P. S. Watts, and W. A. Wood, Brit. J. Nutrition, 

 6, 164-169(1952). 



263 K. L. Blaxter, W. A. Wood, and A. M. MacDonald, Brit. J. Nutrition, 7, 34-50 

 (1953). 



264 K. L. Blaxter, F. Brown, and A. M. MacDonald, Brit. J. Nutrition, 7, 105-123 

 (1953). 



265 K. F. Blaxter and F. Brown, Nutrition Ahstr. <& Rem., 22, 1-21 (1952). 



266 C. G. Mackenzie and E. V. McCollnm, Srience, 89, 370-371 (1939). 



267 C. G. Mackenzie and E. V. McCollum, ./. Nutrition, 19, 345-362 (1940). 



268 C. G. Mackenzie, J. B. Mackenzie, and E. V. McCollum, .Sf?e/(re,.a^, 216-217(1941 ). 



269 C. G. Mackenzie, J. B. Mackenzie, and E. V. McCollum, J. Nutrition, 21, 225-234 

 (1941). 



