TOCOPHEROLS L\ VARIOUS METABOLIC PROCESSES 727 



obtained from such compounds as xanthophyll,^-" ascorbic acid,^^' or 

 various redox systems, ^-^ which may act as antioxidants in the absence of 

 tocopherol. Methylene blue, thionine, thiodiphenylamine, Antabuse, and 

 nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) afforded considerable, although not 

 complete, protection against the exudative diathesis. ^^"^ 



(c) Hemorrhage in Mammals. The vascular changes in rats which have 

 been raised on diets low in vitamin E and high in the unsaturated fatty 

 acids of cod hver oil somewhat resemble those which occur in the chick. 

 The lesions in the rat also include interfascial, subcutaneous, and thymic 

 hemorrhages. ^^^ Elvehjem and co-workers^-* also described vascular 

 changes in puppies born of mothers receiving a mineralized milk diet low 

 in vitamin E; in the latter case, hemorrhages into cranial and visceral 

 cavities, the lungs, kidneys, and intestines were noted. 



Holman^-^'^2^ observed that necrotizing arteritis in dogs, occurring as a 

 consequence of induced renal insufficiency following a high-fat diet (cod 

 liver oil), could be retarded or completely prevented by feeding tocopherol. 

 Skelton and associates^" are of the opinion that vitamin E protects dogs 

 from thrombocytopenic purpura induced by parenterally administered 

 stilbestrol. However, Richtsmeier et al.^'^^ concluded that a-tocopherol 

 did not exert any antipurpuric effect in the hemorrhagic diathesis produced 

 by stilbestrol. Tocopherols were found by Ames et al.^"^^ to protect rats 

 from an increased capillary fragility due to a-irradiation by means of radon 

 ointment containing 90% a-particles, the remainder 13- and 7-particles. 

 This vitamin has like^vise been shown to reduce the injuries due to x-ir- 

 radiation, ^^^ provided the dosage does not exceed 700 r. However, Haley 

 et al.^^^ observed that doses of water-soluble vitamin E as high as 2 to 3.18 



320 P. Goldhaber, L. Zacharias, and V. E. Kinsey, J. Nutrition, J^2, 453-462 (1950). 



321 L. Zacharias, P. Goldhal>er, and V. E. Kinsey, /. Nutrition, 42, 359-373 (1950). 



322 H. Dam, I. Kruse, I. Prange, and E. S0ndergaard, Acta Physiol. Scand., 22, 299- 

 310(1951). 



323 R. E. Rumery, Thesis, Histological and Biochemical Reactions of the Immature Rat 

 to Diets Loiv in Tocopherols (Vitamin E) and High in Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Uni- 

 versity of Rochester (N. Y.), 1952; cited by R. S. Harris, H. A. Mat'till, and K. E. 

 Mason, The Tocopherols, in W. H. Sebrell, Jr. and R. S. Harris, The Vitamins, Vol. Ill, 

 Acad. Press, New York, 1954, p. 536. 



324 C. A. Elvehjem, J. E. Gonce, Jr., and G. W. Newell, J. Pediat., 24, 436-441 (1944). 



325 R. L. Holman, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 66, 307-309 (1947). 

 32" R. L. Holman, Sout/iern Med. ./., 42, 108-114 (1949). 



327 F. Skelton, E. Shute, H. G. Skinner, and R. A. Waud, Science, 103, 7^^ (1946). 

 32« A. J. Richtsmeier, M. Spooner, and O. O. Meyer, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 65, 

 298-301 (1947). 



329 S. R. Ames, J. G. Baxter, and J. Q. Griffith, Z. Vilamin-forsch., 22, 401-407 (1951). 



330 Z. M. Bacq, Experientia, 7, 11-19 (1951). 



331 T. J. Haley, S. F. McCuUoh, and W. G. McCormick, Science, 119, 126-127 (1954). 



