CHAPTER I 



Introductory Remarks 



The records of vocal expressions presented in this volume 

 were made under pecuHarly advantageous conditions since 

 the animals, although under control, were given a large degree 

 of freedom and were subjected to varied conditions of obser- 

 vation. The study of vocal reactions, although far from 

 exhaustive, offered such interesting materials that it was 

 decided to publish immediately. No review or discussion of 

 other reports on voice or speech in the young chimpanzee is 

 given because nothing similar to these descriptions in musical 

 notation has been discovered. 



The method used in recording the utterances presupposes 

 considerable training and experience in aural exercise and 

 is, perhaps best compared with the taking of dictation. The 

 element of memory came into the work occasionally. In- 

 variably the utterances were recorded iminediately after 

 they were heard. In addition to description of sound, the 

 situation in which it occurred was carefully recorded. No 

 attempt was made to discover the significance of sounds until 

 the observational task had been completed and effort begun 

 systematically to arrange observations. It then appeared 

 that classification by type of situation seemed both natural 

 and useful. The records consequently were arranged in 

 four principal groups which may be described briefly thus: 

 Vocalization while waiting for food; while eating; when in 

 company with persons; and when the two chimpanzees were 

 together. 



To supplement the observation of Chim and Panzee, the 



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